Engineering Geology World Vol. XIV, No. 1/2019
TAMARA G. RYASHCHENKO, NATALIA N. UKHOVA, NATALIA N. UKHOVA, NINA I. BELYANINA, PAVEL S. BELYANIN
Ryashchenko T.G., Ukhova N.N., Shtelmakh S.I., Belyanina N.I., Belyanin P.S., 2019. Composition, microstructure and properties of quaternary clays of the Prikhankayskaya depression (Primorye). Engineering Geology World, Vol. XIV, No. 1, pp. 20-34, https://doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2019-14-1-20-34.
The article considers the study results of composition, microstructure and physical-chemical properties of the quaternary clays of the Prikhankayskaya depression in district of the lake Khanka (Primorye) on the example of air-dry samples of geological borehole 45-b in the range of 18–62 m. The objective of research was to obtain new information about the properties of widespread clay sediments in this area using geologic-lithological materials and laboratory data. The schematic geologic-lithological column was composed with the selection of various zones in the quaternary clay sediments section and the border with sediments of the Neogene System. The methodological scheme of laboratory studies of clays was proposed. This scheme includes the determination of chemical and microelement composition, clay minerals, contents of carbonates, water-soluble salts, mobile forms of aluminum oxide, humus, as well as microstructural parameters (method «Microstructure») and some physical-chemical properties. Geochemical coefficients (Kz, CIA, CIW, ICV) determined the degree of chemical maturity of clays and confirmed the results of palynological studies reflecting the fluctuations of the climatic conditions of their formation. For the group of toxic microelements for the first time the special indicator (Zc) was calculated. Which was the criterion for a degree of pollution of the clay sediments section. Clay minerals of the quaternary clays are represented by smectite and hydromica. The clear change in the mineral association was found when passing to the Neogene sediments (kaolinite prevails). The method «Microstructure» revealed the aggregated type of clays microstructure, the domination of the particles of coarse dust fraction among the primary (free) particles and the almost complete absence of the particles of fine-grained sand fraction, the participation of various fractions in the composition of aggregates. The variants of the formation of certain types of aggregates (on sizes) in the fluviolacustrine «khankayskiy» clays are presented. Solid part density, water resistance (soaking time), sedimentation volume, plasticity, relative swelling (samples-pastes) were determined using standard methods for clays. By special methods, the cation exchange capacity was measured and the calculated values of the plasticity index were obtained from forecasting formulas using the yield limit. The proposed methodological scheme of complex laboratory studies of clay sediments can be recommended for problematic geologic-lithological and engineering-geological sections.
1. Gibbard Ph.L., 2015. The Quaternary system/period and its major subdivisions. Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 873–875. (in Russian)
2. Gorkova I.M., 1965. Structural and deformation features of sedimentary rocks of varying degrees of compaction and lithification. Nauka, Moscow. (in Russian)
3. Ivashinnikov Yu.K., 1978. Paleogeomorphology of depression morphostructures of the south of the Far East. Nauka, Moscow. (in Russian)
4. Korotky A.M., Pavlyutkin B.I., 1983. Pliocene-Quaternary boundary in the transition zone from the mainland to the ocean (south of the Far East). In a collection of articles, S.A. Arkhipova (ed.), Stratigraphy of the border sediments of the Neogene and Anthropogenic Siberia, Publishing House of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk,
pp. 85–100. (in Russian)
5. Korotky A.M., Karaulova L.P., Troitskaya T.S., 1980. Quaternary deposits of Primorye. Stratigraphy and paleogeography. Novosibirsk, Nauka. (in Russian)
6. Korotky A.M., Grebennikova T.A., Karaulova L.P., Belyanina N.I., 2007. Lacustrine transgressions in the late Cenozoic Ussuri-Khanka depression (Primor'e), Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 53–68. (in Russian)
7. Larionov A.K., Priklonsky V.A., Ananyev V.P., 1959. Loessian rocks of the USSR and their construction properties. Gosgeoltekhizdat, Moscow. (in Russian)
8. Lomtadze V.D., 1999. Dictionary of engineering geology. St. Petersburg Mining Institute, St. Petersburg. (in Russian)
9. Lukashev V.K., 1970. Geochemistry of Quaternary lithogenesis. Science and technology, Minsk. (in Russian)
10. Nikolskaya V.V., 1952. Some data on the paleogeography of Lake Khanka. Proceedings of the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Vol. 51, pp. 215–225. (in Russian)
11. Osipov V.I., Sokolov V.N., 2013. Clays and their properties. GEOS, Moscow. (in Russian)
12. Pavlyutkin B.I., Khanchuk A.I., 2002. New data on the age of Lake Khanka, the Far East of Russia. Reports of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vol. 382, No. 6, pp. 826–828. (in Russian)
13. Prishin A.F., Khovansky A.D., 1996. Assessment and regulation of the quality of the environment. Publishing House "Priboy", Moscow. (in Russian)
14. Revenko A.G., 2014. Physical and chemical methods of researching rocks and minerals in the Analytical Centre of the Institute of the Earth's Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Geodynamics and tectonophysics, Vol. 5(1), pp. 101–114. (in Russian)
15. Ryashchenko T.G., 2010. Regional Soil Science (Eastern Siberia). Institute of the Earth`s Crust of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk. (in Russian)
16. Ryashchenko T.G., Akulova V.V., Ukhova N.N., Shtelmakh S.I., Grin N.N., 2014. Loess soils of the Mongolian-Siberian region. Institute of the Earth`s Crust of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk. (in Russian)
17. Ryashchenko T.G., Tirskikh SA, 2016. Determination of Plasticity Index of Clay and Loess Soils: Evaluation of Computational Method and Recommendations. Engineering survey, No. 8, pp. 10–14. (in Russian)
18. Ryashchenko T.G., Ukhova N.N., 2008. The chemical composition of dispersed soils: opportunities and predictions (Eastern Siberia). Institute of the Earth`s Crust of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk. (in Russian)
19. Ryashchenko T.G., Ukhova N.N., Shtelmakh S.I., Belyanin N.I., Belyanin P.S., 2011. Hypotheses of the brown loam formation in the Primorye region (Russian Far East): Hindsight and the new view. Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, No. 3, pp. 80–92. (in Russian)
20. Saet Yu.E., Revich B.A., Yanin E.P., Smirnova R.S., Bazarevich I.L., Onishchenko T.L., Pavlova L.N., Trefilova N.Ya., Achkasov AI, Sarkisyan S.Sh., 1990. Environmental Geochemistry. Nedra, Moscow. (in Russian)
21. Khanchuk A.I., 2000. Ore deposits of continental margins. Dalnauka, Vladivostok, pp. 5–34. (in Russian)
22. Zhang Ze, Nikolayeva S.K., 2010. Features of the soaking of Moscow region covering loam and Chinese red day. Geoecology, No. 2, pp. 85–88. (in Russian)
23. Lin B., Cerato A.B., 2012. Prediction of expansive soil swelling based on four micro-scale properties. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Vol. 71, Issue 1, pp. 71–78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-011-0410-7.
24. Yang T.-L., Gong S.-L., 2010. Microscopic analysis of the engineering geological behavior of soft clay in Shanghai, China. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Vol. 69, Issue 4, pp. 607–615.
TAMARA G. RYASHCHENKO*
Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Irkutsk, Russiа; ryashenk@crust.irk.ru
Address: Bld. 128, Lermontova St., 664033, Irkutsk, Russiа
NATALIA N. UKHOVA
Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Irkutsk, Russiа; nat_ukhova@crust.irk.ru
SVETLANA I. SHTELMAKH
Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Irkutsk, Russiа; fotina 78@gmail.com
NINA I. BELYANINA
Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russiа; nibelyanina@yandex.ru
Address: Bld. 7, Radio St., 690041, Vladivostok, Russiа
PAVEL S. BELYANIN
Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russiа; pavelbels@yandex.ru