Из-за сложных климатических и географических условий, а также в силу исторических и экономических причин обширные территории Арктики в течение всего инструментального периода были крайне неравномерно и слабо охвачены стационарными сейсмическими наблюдениями. Развитие инструментальных наблюдений в Арктике проходило неравномерно как во времени, так и в пространстве. Особенности развития инструментальных наблюдений напрямую влияли на сейсмологическую изученность арктических территорий. Вплоть до настоящего времени представления о сейсмичности Арктики неполны, т.к. слабые землетрясения, изучение которых дает многое для выявления пространственно-временных вариаций сейсмичности и
профессионально ориентированного понимания связи ее с геологическим строением региона и развивающимися в его пределах геодинамическими процессами, не участвуют в их формировании. Только с начала ХХI в., в связи с интенсивным развитием инструментальных наблюдений в Арктике, появились благоприятные условия для регистрации низкомагнитудных землетрясений и анализа пространственно-временных особенностей их проявления в различных районах Арктического региона. В настоящее время в ходе реализации проектов по освоению месторождений в российской Арктике активно ведется проектирование и строительство промышленных объектов. Учитывая географическое положение и климатические условия Арктики, зачастую проектируемые объекты располагаются на шельфе или на суше в криолитозоне. Необходимость оценки потенциальных природно-техногенных рисков и обеспечения безопасной эксплуатации промышленных систем и объектов при освоении крупных месторождений требуют проведение исследований по обобщению и уточнению данных о сейсмических процессах, протекающих в Арктике. В данной статье проведен анализ истории изучения сейсмичности Арктики, которая напрямую связана с особенностями развития инструментальных наблюдений.

1. Аветисов Г.П., 1996. Сейсмоактивные зоны Арктики. Изд-во ВНИИОкеангеология, Санкт-Петербург.
2. Аветисов Г.П., Зинченко А.Г., Мусатов Е.Е., Пискарев А.Л., 2002. Сейсмическое районирование Арктического региона. В кн. под ред. Д.А. Додина, В.С. Суркова, Российская Арктика: геологическая история, минерагения, геоэкология. Изд-во ВНИИОкеангеология, Санкт-Петербург, с. 162–175.
3. Антоновская Г.Н., Конечная Я.В., Ваганова Н.В., Басакина И.М., Морозов А.Н., Шахова Е.В., Михайлова Я.А., Данилов К.Б., 2022. Вклад уникальной научной установки «Архангельская сейсмическая сеть» в изучение сейсмичности Российской Арктики. Геодинамика и тектонофизика, Том 13, № 2, ID 0587, https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2022-13-2-0587.
4. Ассиновская Б.А., 1994. Сейсмичность Баренцева моря. Б.и., Москва.
5. Баранов С.В., Виноградов А.Н., 2010. Возможные причины аномальной сейсмической активности в проливе Стур-фиорд (архипелаг Шпицберген) в 2008–2009 годах. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Науки о Земле, № 4, с. 23–31.
6. Виноградов А.Н., 2016. Актуальные задачи геофизического мониторинга потенциальных опасностей, связанных с флюидодинамическими процессами в криосфере Западной Арктики. Современные методы обработки и интерпретации сейсмологических данных, Материалы XI Международной сейсмологической школы, Кыргызская Республика — Обнинск, 2016, с. 3–9.
7. Виноградов А.Н., Виноградов Ю.А., Кременецкая Е.О., Петров С.И., 2012. Формирование системы сейсмологического и инфразвукового мониторинга в западной Арктике в XX веке и перспективы ее дальнейшего развития. Вестник Кольского научного центра РАН, № 4, с. 140–156.
8. Гайсслер В.Х., Баранов Б.В., Шибаев С.В., Хаберланд К., Цуканов Н.В., Дозорова К.А., 2018. Российско-германский проект «Сейсмичность и неотектоника Лаптевоморского региона». Вестник КРАУНЦ. Науки о Земле, Том 37, № 1, с. 102–106.
9. Гинсбург Г.Д., Соловьев В.А., 1994. Субмаринные газовые гидраты. Изд-во ВНИИОкеангеология, Санкт-Петербург.
10. Завьялов А.Д., Перетокин С.А., 2022. Сейсмическая опасность Арктики: состояние и проблемы. Инженерная сейсморазведка и сейсмология-2022, Сборник тезисов научно-практической конференции, Москва, 2022, с. 17–20.
11. Козьмин Б.М., 1984. Сейсмические пояса Якутии и механизм очагов их землетрясений. Наука, Москва.
12. Кондорская Н.В., Шебалин Н.В. (ред.), 1977. Новый каталог сильных землетрясений на территории СССР с древнейших времен до 1975 г. Наука, Москва.
13. Крылов А.А., Иващенко А.И., Ковачев С.А., Цуканов Н.В., Куликов М.Е., Медведев И.П., Ильинский Д.А., Шахова Н.Е., 2020. Сейсмотектоника и сейсмичность Лаптевоморского региона: состояние вопроса и первый опыт годичной постановки донных сейсмостанций на шельфе. Вулканология и сейсмология, № 6, с. 33–49, https://doi.org/10.31857/S0203030620060140.
14. Лазарева А.П., 1963. О глубинах арктических землетрясений. В сб. статей Сейсмологические исследования, Вып. 5. Изд-во АН СССР, Москва, с. 27–30.
15. Лазарева А.П., 1977. Сейсмические наблюдения в полярных областях. Автореф. дис. … канд. физ.-мат. наук, Институт физики Земли им. О.Ю. Шмидта РАН, Москва.
16. Лазарева А.П., Мишарина Л.А., 1965. О напряжениях в очагах землетрясений Арктического сейсмического пояса. Известия АН СССР. Физика Земли, № 2, с. 5–10.
17. Линден Н.А., 1959. О карте сейсмичности Арктики. В сб. статей Сейсмические и гляциологические исследования в период МГГ, № 2. Изд-во АН СССР, Москва, с. 7–17.
18. Линден Н.А., 1963. Изучение сейсмичности Арктики. В сб. статей Сейсмические и гляциологические исследования в период МГГ, № 5. Изд-во АН СССР, Москва, с. 7–26.
19. Маловичко А.А., 2010. Система сейсмического мониторинга в России. Разработка и внедрение новых информационных технологий. Открытое образование, № 5, с. 50–55.
20. Мишарина Л.А., 1967. Напряжения в земной коре в рифтовых зонах. Наука, Москва.
21. Панасенко Г.Д., 1986. Проблемы сейсмического районирования Западного сектора советской Арктики. Природа и хозяйство Севера, № 14, с. 4–6.
22. Райко Н.В., Линден Н.А., 1935. О землетрясении 20-XI 1933 г. в Баффиновом заливе и распределении сейсмических очагов в Арктике. Труды Сейсмического института СССР, № 61, с. 1–8.
23. Саваренский Е.Ф., Соловьев С.Л., Харин Д.А. (ред.), 1962. Атлас землетрясений в СССР. Изд-во АН СССР, Москва.
24. Старовойт О.Е., 2005. Инструментальные сейсмические наблюдения в России. Вестник Владикавказского научного центра, Том 5, № 1, с. 8–12.
25. Старовойт О.Е., Чернобай И.П., 1994. Участие России в международных проектах по сейсмическим наблюдениям. Информационно-аналитический бюллетень Федеральной системы сейсмологических наблюдений и прогноза землетрясений,
№ 2, c. 33–40.
26. Antonovskaya G., Konechnaya Y., Kremenetskaya E.O., Asming V., Kværna T., Schweitzer J., Ringdal F., 2015. Enhanced earthquake monitoring in the European Arctic. Polar Science, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 158–167.
27. Antonovskaya G., Morozov A., Vaganova N., Konechnaya Y., 2020. Seismic monitoring of the European Arctic and Adjoining Regions. In O.S. Pokrovsky, S.N. Kirpotin, A.I. Malov (eds) The Arctic. Current issues and challenges. Nova Science Publishers, New York, NY, USA, pp. 303–368.
28. Austegard A., 1976. Earthquakes in the Svalbard area. Norsk Polarinstitutt Årbok 1974, pp. 83–99.
29. Basham P.W., Forsyth D.A., Wetmiller R.J., 1977. The seismicity of northern Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 14,
No. 7, pp. 1646–1667.
30. Bowers D., 2002. Was the 16 August 1997 seismic disturbance near Novaya Zemlya an earthquake? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 92, No. 6, pp. 2400–2409.
31. Bowers D., Trodd H., Douglas A., 1998. The Novaya Zemlya seismic disturbance of 16 August 1997. AWE Rept No. O-1/97.
32. Cook D.B., Fujita K., McMullen C.A., 1984. Seismotectonics of northern Yakutia and the Laptev Sea (northeast USSR). EOS American Geophysical Union Transactions, Vol. 65, pp. 1016.
33. Dziewonski A.M., Franzen J.E., Woodhouse J.H., 1983. Centroid-moment tensor solutions for April-June, 1983. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 243–249.
34. Engen Ø., Eldholm O., Bungum H., 2003. The Arctic plate boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Vol. 108, No. B2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001809.
35. Fujita K., Cook D.B., Hasegawa H., Forsyth D., Wetmiller R., 1990. Seismicity and focal mechanisms of the Arctic region and the North American plate boundary in Asia. The Geology of North America, Vol. 50, pp. 79–100.
36. Gedney L., Biswas N., Huang P., Estes S., Pearson C., 1977. Seismicity of northeast Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 4,
No. 5, pp. 175–177.
37. Gibbons S.J., Antonovskaya G., Asming V., Konechnaya Y.V., Kremenetskaya E., Kværna T., Vaganova N.V., 2016. The 11 October 2010 Novaya Zemlya earthquake: implications for velocity models and regional event location. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 106, No. 4, pp. 1470–1481.
38. Grachev A.F., 1982. Geodynamics of the transitional zone from the Moma Rift to the Gakkel Ridge: rifted margins: field investigations
of Margin structure and stratigraphy. AAPG Special Volumes, A110, pp. 103–113.
39. Grantz A., Johnson L., Sweeney J.F. (eds), 1990. The Arctic Ocean Region. Publishing house of the Geological Society of America, New York, NY, USA.
40. Gregersen S., 1979. Intraplate earthquake swarms in Greenland and adjacent continental regions. Nature, Vol. 281, No. 5733,
pp. 661–662.
41. Gregersen S., 1982. Earthquakes in Greenland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 31, pp. 11–27.
42. Gutenberg B., Richter C.F., 1941. Seismicity of the Earth. Geological Society of America Special Papers, Vol. 34, pp. 1–126.
43. Gutenberg B., Richter C., 1954. Seismicity of the Earth and associated phenomena, 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA.
44. Gvishiani A.D., Vorobieva I.A., Shebalin P.N., Dzeboev B.A., Dzeranov B.V., Skorkina A.A., 2022. Integrated earthquake catalog of the eastern sector of the Russian Arctic. Applied Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 10, pp. 5010, https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105010.
45. Harboe E.G., 1912. Das Erdbebenobservatorium auf der Disko-Insel. G. Gerlands Beitr ̈age zur Geophysik, Vol. 11, pp. 9–28.
46. Hartse H.E., 1997. The 16 August 1997 Novaya Zemlya seismic event as viewed from GSN stations KEV and KBS.
URL: https://public.lanl.gov/geophysics/geophysics/Posters/Hans/poster.html (дата обращения: 01.02.2023).
47. Heck N.H., 1938. The role of earthquakes and the seismic method in submarine geology. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 97–108.
48. Heezen B.C., Ewing M., 1961. The Mid-Oceanic Ridge and its extension through the Arctic Basin. In G.O. Raasch (ed.) Geology of the Arctic. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 622–642.
49. Hodgson E.A., 1929. The seismicity of the Arctic. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 201–210.
50. Hodgson J.H., Bath M., Jensen H., Kvale A., Linden N.A., Murphy L.M., Shebalin N.V., Tryggvason E., Vesanen E., 1965. Seismicity of the Arctic. Annals of the International Geophysical Year. Seismology, Vol. 30, pp. 33–45.
51. Hope G., 2013. Exploring the microseismicity of the Gakkel Ridge from Arctic Sea ice. Publishing house of the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
52. Hutt C.R., Bolton H.F., Holcomb L.G., 2002. U.S. contribution to digital global seismograph networks. In W.H.K. Lee, H. Kanamori,
P.C. Jennings, C. Kisslinger (eds), International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology, Part A. Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 319–332.
53. Jeddi Z., Ottemöller L., Sørensen M.B., Rezaei S., Gibbons S.J., Strømme M.L., Dahl-Jensen T., 2021. Improved seismic monitoring with OBS deployment in the Arctic: a pilot study from offshore Western Svalbard. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 92, No. 5,
pp. 2705–2717.
54. Jemsek J.P., Bergman E.A., Nabelek J.L., Solomon S.C., 1986. Focal depths and mechanisms of large earthquakes on the Arctic Mid-
Ocean Ridge system. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Vol. 91, No. B14, pp. 13993–14005, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB14p13993.
55. Korger E.I., 2013. Seismicity and structure of a magmatic accretionary centre at an ultraslow spreading ridge: the volcanic centre at 85°E/85°N, Gakkel Ridge. DSc Thesis, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
56. Kristoffersen Y., Husebye E.S., Bungum H., Gregersen S., 1982. Seismic investigations of the Nansen Ridge during the FRAM I experiment. Tectonophysics, Vol. 82, No. 1–2, pp. 57–68.
57. Kulhánek O., 1988. The status, importance, and use of historical seismograms in Sweden. Proceedings of the Symposium on Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes, Tokyo, Japan, 1988, pp. 64–69.
58. Kværna T., Dando B.D.E., Gibbons S.J., 2023. Seismic monitoring of Novaya Zemlya: progress, challenges, and prospects. Seismological Society of America, Vol. XX, pp. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220220338.
59. Kværna T., Ringdal F., Schweitzer J., Taylor L., 2002. Optimized seismic threshold monitoring. Part 1: regional processing. Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 159, No. 5, pp. 969–987.
60. Leblanc G., Wetmiller R.J., 1974. An evaluation of seismological data available for the Yukon Territory and the Mackenzie Valley. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 10, pp. 1435–1454.
61. McMullen C.A., 1985. Seismicity and tectonics of the Northeastern Sea of Okhotsk. Publishing house of the Michigan State University, Michigan, MI, USA.
62. Morozov A.N., Konechnaya Y.V., 2013. Monitoring of the Arctic region: contribution of the Arkhangelsk seismic network. Journal of Seismology, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 819–827, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-012-9356-x.
63. Morozov A.N., Vaganova N.V., Shakhova E.V., Konechnaya Y.V., Asming V.E., Antonovskaya G.N., Evtyugina Z.A., 2019. Seismicity of the Arctic in the early twentieth century: relocation of the 1904–1920 earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
Vol. 109, No. 5, pp. 2000–2008, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120190018.
64. Morozov A.N., Vaganova N V., Konechnaya Y.V., 2014. Seismicity of the northern Barents Sea in area of the Franz Victoria and Orla troughs. Geotectonics, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 232–238, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852114030042.
65. Morozov A.N., Vaganova N.V., Antonovskaya G.N., Asming V.E., Gabsatarova I.P., Dyagilev R.A., Shakhova E.V., Evtyugina Z.A., 2021. Low-magnitude earthquakes at the eastern ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 92,
No. 4, pp. 160–166, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200308.
66. Morozov A.N., Vaganova N.V., Konechnaya Y.V., 2019. The October 14, 1908 MW 6.6 earthquake in the Barents and Kara Sea region of the Arctic: relocation based on instrumental data. Polar Science, Vol. 20, pp. 160–166.
67. Müller C., Jokat W., 2000. Seismic evidence for volcanic activity discovered in central Arctic. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Vol. 81, No. 24, pp. 265–269.
68. Odishaw H., 1959. International geophysical year. Science, Vol. 129, No. 3340, pp. 14–25.
69. Oliver J., Murphy L., 1971. WWNSS: seismology’s global network of observing stations. Science, Vol. 174, No. 4006, pp. 254–261.
70. Ottemöller L., Strømme M.L., Storheim B.M., 2018. Seismic monitoring and data processing at the Norwegian national seismic network. Summary of the Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 27–40.
71. Qamar A., 1974. Seismicity of the Baffin Bay region. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 87–98.
72. Reid I., Falconer R.K.H., 1982. A seismicity study in northern Baffin Bay. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 1518–1531.
73. Rempp G., 1914. Aufstellung und Betrieb eines Seismographen auf der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Station Adventbai (Spitzbergen) 1911/12. Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik. Bd. XIII. H. 3. Leipzig — Berlin, Germany.
74. Riedel C., Schlindwein V., 2010. Did the 1999 earthquake swarm on Gakkel Ridge open a volcanic conduit? A detailed teleseismic data analysis. Journal of Seismology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 505–522.
75. Ringdal F., Kremenetskaya E., Asming V., 2002. Observed characteristics of regional seismic phases and implications for P/S discrimination in the European Arctic. Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 159, pp. 701–719.
76. Rogozhin E., Antonovskaya G., Basakina I., Kapustyan N., 2018. Chapter 4. Recent geodynamics and seismicity of the European Arctic. In M. Kanao, G. Toyokuni, Y. Kakinami (eds), Arctic studies — a proxy for climate change. IntechOpen, London, UK, pp. 39–53.
77. Scheidegger A.E., 1966. Tectonics of the arctic seismic belt in the light of fault-plane solutions of earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 241–245.
78. Schlindwein V., Demuth A., Korger E., Läderach C., Schmid F., 2015. Seismicity of the Arctic mid-ocean ridge system. Polar Science, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 146–157.
79. Schlindwein V., Müller C., Jokat W., 2007. Microseismicity of the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean: a pilot study. Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 169, No. 1, pp. 100–112.
80. Schweitzer J., Kennett B.L.N., 2007. Comparison of location procedures: the Kara Sea event of 16 August 1997. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 389–400.
81. Schweitzer J., Paulsen B., Antonovskaya G.N., Fedorov A.V., Konechnaya Y.V., Asming V.E., Pirli M., 2021. A 24-yr-long seismic bulletin for the European Arctic. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 92, No. 5, pp. 2758–2767.
82. Sohn R.A., Edmonds H., Humphris S., Shank T., Singh H., Ericsson B., Hedman U., Helmke E., Jakuba M., Kunz C., Larsson B., Liljebladh B., Linder J., Murphy C., Nakamura K., Pontbriand C., Sato T., Schlindwein V., Stranne C., Tausendfreund M., Upchurch L., Willis C., Winsor P., 2007. Scientific scope and summary of the Arctic Gakkel vents (AGAVE) expedition. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts,
Vol. 1, ID 07.
83. Stoneley R., 1960. The international geophysical year. Nature, Vol. 188, No. 4750, pp. 529–532.
84. Storchak D.A., Di Giacomo D., Engdahl E.R., Harris J., Bondár I., Lee W.H., Villaseñor A., 2015. The ISC-GEM global instrumental earthquake catalogue (1900–2009): introduction. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 239, pp. 48–63.
85. Sykes L.R., 1965. The seismicity of the Arctic. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 501–518.
86. Tams E., 1922. Die seismischen Verhältnisse des europäischen Nordmeer, zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaentologie, Vol. 13, pp. 385–397.
87. Tams E., 1927. Erdbeben im Gebiet der Nordenskiöld See. Gerlands Beitr. Geophysik, Vol. 17, pp. 325–330.
88. Thiede J., Oerter H. (eds), 2002. Die Expedition ANTARKTIS XVII/2 des Forschungsschiffes POLARSTERN 2000. Publishing house of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
89. Tolstoy M., Bohnenstiehl D.R., Edwards M.H., Kurras G.J., 2001. Seismic character of volcanic activity at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge. Geology, Vol. 29, No. 12, pp. 1139–1142.
90. Vorobieva I.A., Gvishiani A.D., Dzeboev B.A., Dzeranov B.V., Barykina Y.V., Antipova A.O., 2022. Nearest neighbor method for discriminating aftershocks and duplicates when merging earthquake catalogs. Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol. 10, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.820277.
91. Wetmiller R.J., Forsyth D.A., 1978. Seismicity of the Arctic, 1908–1975. Arctic Geophysical Review, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 15–24.
92. Wilde-Piórko M., Grad M., Wiejacz P., Schweitzer J., 2009. HSPB seismic broadband station in Southern Spitsbergen: first results on crustal and mantle structure from receiver functions and SKS splitting. Polish Polar Research, pp. 301–316.

МОРОЗОВ А.Н.*
Институт физики Земли им. О.Ю. Шмидта РАН, г. Москва, Россия, morozovalexey@yandex.ru
Адрес: ул. Большая Грузинская, д. 10, стр. 1, г. Москва, 123242, Россия
ВАГАНОВА Н.В.
Федеральный исследовательский центр комплексного изучения Арктики имени академика Н.П. Лаверова Уральского отделения РАН, г. Архангельск, Россия, nvag@yandex.ru
Адрес: Никольский пр-кт, д. 20, г. Архангельск, 163020, Россия

Vast territories of the Arctic were extremely uneven and poorly covered by stationary seismic observations during the entire instrumental period due to difficult climatic and geographical conditions, as well as due to historical and economic reasons. The development of instrumental observations in the Arctic was uneven both in time and space. Features of the development of instrumental observations directly influenced the seismological knowledge of the Arctic territories. Up to the present time, ideas about the seismicity of the Arctic are incomplete, because weak earthquakes, the study of which provides a lot for revealing the spatiotemporal variations of seismicity and for a more correct understanding of its relationship with the geological structure of the region and the geodynamic processes developing within it, do not participate in their formation. Favorable conditions for recording low-magnitude earthquakes and analyzing the spatiotemporal features of their manifestation in different areas of the Arctic region have appeared only since the beginning of the 21st century, due to the intensive development of instrumental observations in the Arctic. Currently, as part of the implementation of projects for the fields’ development in the Russian Arctic, the design and construction of industrial systems and facilities are being actively carried out. Often the designed facilities are located on the shelf, or on land, in conditions of widespread permafrost. The reasons for it are the geographical location and climatic conditions of the Arctic. The need to assess potential natural and technogenic risks and ensure the safe operation of industrial systems and facilities during the development of large fields imposes a need for research to generalize and refine our knowledge of the seismic processes occurring in the Arctic. This paper analyzes the history of the study of the Arctic seismicity, which is directly related to the peculiarities of the development of instrumental observations.

1. Avetisov G.P., 1996. Seismically active zones of the Arctic. Publishing house of the VNIIOkeangeologia, Saint Petersburg. (in Russian)
2. Avetisov G.P., Zinchenko A.G., Musatov E.E., Piskarev A.L., 2002. Seismic zoning of the Arctic region. In D.A. Dodin, V.S. Surkov (eds), The Russian Arctic: geological history, mineragenesis, environmental geology. Publishing house of the VNIIOkeangeologia, Saint Petersburg, pp. 162–175. (in Russian)
3. Antonovskaya G.N., Konechnaya Y.V., Vaganova N.V., Basakina I.M., Morozov A.N., Shakhova E.V., Mikhailova Y.A., Danilov K.B., 2022. Contribution of the unique scientific facilities “Arkhangelsk Seismic Network” to the Russian Arctic seismicity study. Geodynamics and Tectonophysics, Vol. 13, No. 2, ID 0587, https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2022-13-2-0587. (in Russian)
4. Assinovskaya B.A., 1994. Seismicity of the Barents Sea. No publ., Moscow. (in Russian)
5. Baranov S.V., Vinogradov A.N., 2010. Possible causes of anomalous seismic activity in the Storfjord (Spitsbergen archipelago) in 2008–2009. Vestnik of Saint-Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, No. 4, pp. 23–31. (in Russian)
6. Vinogradov A.N., 2016. Current tasks of geophysical monitoring of potential hazards associated with fluid dynamic processes in the cryosphere of the Western Arctic. Modern methods of processing and interpretation of seismological data, Materials of the XI International Seismological School, Kyrgyz Republic — Obninsk, 2016, pp. 3–9. (in Russian)
7. Vinogradov A.N., Vinogradov Yu.A., Kremenetskaya E.O., Petrov S.I., 2012. Development of integrated system for seismic and infrasound monitoring in the West Arctic for XX century and further perspectives. Herald of the Kola Science Centre RAS, No. 4, pp. 140–156. (in Russian)
8. Geissler V.Kh., Baranov B.V., Shibaev S.V., Haberland K., Tsukanov N.V., Dozorova K.A., 2018. Russian-German project “Seismicity and neotectonics of the Laptev Sea region”. Bulletin of Kamchatka Regional Association “Educational-Scientific Center”. Earth Sciences,
No. 1, pp. 102–106. (in Russian)
9. Ginsburg G.D., Soloviev V.A., 1994. Submarine gas hydrates. Publishing house of the VNIIOkeangeologia, Saint Petersburg. (in Russian)
10. Zavyalov A.D., Peretokin S.A., 2022. Seismic hazard in the Arctic: status and problems. Engineering seismic survey and seismology-2022, Collection of abstracts of the scientific and practical Conference, Moscow, 2022, pp. 17–20. (in Russian)
11. Kozmin B.M., 1984. Seismic belts of Yakutia and the mechanism of their earthquake foci. Nauka, Moscow. (in Russian)
12. Kondorskaya N.V., Shebalin N.V. (eds), 1977. New catalog of strong earthquakes on the territory of the USSR from ancient times to 1975. Nauka, Moscow. (in Russian)
13. Krylov A.A., Ivashchenko A.I., Kovachev S.A., Tsukanov N.V., Kulikov M.E., Medvedev I.P., Ilyinsky D.A., Shakhova N.E., 2020. Seismotectonics and seismicity of the Laptev Sea region: the state of the issue and the first experience of year-long installation of bottom seismic stations on the shelf. Vulkanologiya i Seysmologiya, No. 6, pp. 33–49, https://doi.org/10.31857/S0203030620060140. (in Russian)
14. Lazareva A.P., 1963. About the depths of Arctic earthquakes. In collection of papers Seismological research, Issue 5. Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 27–30. (in Russian)
15. Lazareva A.P., 1977. Seismic observations in polar regions. Extended abstract of PhD Thesis, Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. (in Russian)
16. Lazareva A.P., Misharina L.A., 1965. On stresses in earthquake sources of the Arctic seismic belt. Izvestiya AN USSR. Fizika Zemli,
No. 2, pp. 5–10. (in Russian)
17. Linden N.A., 1959. About the seismicity map of the Arctic. In collection of papers Seismic and glaciological studies during the International Geophysical Year, Issue 2. Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 7–17. (in Russian)
18. Linden N.A., 1963. Study of seismicity in the Arctic. In collection of papers Seismic and glaciological studies during the International Geophysical Year, Issue 5. Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 7–26. (in Russian)
19. Malovichko A.A., 2010. Seismic monitoring system in Russia. Development and implementation of new information technologies. Otkrytoye Obrazovaniye, No. 5, pp. 50–55. (in Russian)
20. Misharina L.A., 1967. Stress in the earth’s crust in rift zones. Nauka, Moscow. (in Russian)
21. Panasenko G.D., 1986. Problems of seismic zoning of the Western sector of the Soviet Arctic. Priroda i Khozyaystvo Severa, No. 14, pp. 4–6. (in Russian)
22. Raiko N.V., Linden N.A., 1935. About the earthquake of 20 November 1933 in Baffin Bay and the distribution of seismic sources in the Arctic. Trudy Seysmicheskogo Instituta SSSR, No. 61, pp. 1–8. (in Russian)
23. Savarensky E.F., Solovyov S.L., Kharin D.A. (eds), 1962. Atlas of earthquakes in the USSR. Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow. (in Russian)
24. Starovoit O.E., 2005. Instrumental seismic observations in Russia. Vestnik Vladikavkaz Scientific Center, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 8–12. (in Russian)
25. Starovoit O.E., Chernobay I.P., 1994. Russia’s participation in international seismic observation projects. Informatsionno-Analiticheskiy Byulleten Federalnoy Sistemy Seysmologicheskikh Nablyudeniy i Prognoza Zemletryaseniy, No. 2, pp. 33–40. (in Russian)
26. Antonovskaya G., Konechnaya Y., Kremenetskaya E.O., Asming V., Kværna T., Schweitzer J., Ringdal F., 2015. Enhanced earthquake monitoring in the European Arctic. Polar Science, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 158–167.
27. Antonovskaya G., Morozov A., Vaganova N., Konechnaya Y., 2020. Seismic monitoring of the European Arctic and Adjoining Regions. In O.S. Pokrovsky, S.N. Kirpotin, A.I. Malov (eds) The Arctic. Current issues and challenges. Nova Science Publishers, New York, NY, USA, pp. 303–368.
28. Austegard A., 1976. Earthquakes in the Svalbard area. Norsk Polarinstitutt Årbok 1974, pp. 83–99.
29. Basham P.W., Forsyth D.A., Wetmiller R.J., 1977. The seismicity of northern Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 14,
No. 7, pp. 1646–1667.
30. Bowers D., 2002. Was the 16 August 1997 seismic disturbance near Novaya Zemlya an earthquake? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 92, No. 6, pp. 2400–2409.
31. Bowers D., Trodd H., Douglas A., 1998. The Novaya Zemlya seismic disturbance of 16 August 1997. AWE Rept No. O-1/97.
32. Cook D.B., Fujita K., McMullen C.A., 1984. Seismotectonics of northern Yakutia and the Laptev Sea (northeast USSR). EOS American Geophysical Union Transactions, Vol. 65, pp. 1016.
33. Dziewonski A.M., Franzen J.E., Woodhouse J.H., 1983. Centroid-moment tensor solutions for April-June, 1983. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 243–249.
34. Engen Ø., Eldholm O., Bungum H., 2003. The Arctic plate boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Vol. 108, No. B2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001809.
35. Fujita K., Cook D.B., Hasegawa H., Forsyth D., Wetmiller R., 1990. Seismicity and focal mechanisms of the Arctic region and the North American plate boundary in Asia. The Geology of North America, Vol. 50, pp. 79–100.
36. Gedney L., Biswas N., Huang P., Estes S., Pearson C., 1977. Seismicity of northeast Alaska. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 4,
No. 5, pp. 175–177.
37. Gibbons S.J., Antonovskaya G., Asming V., Konechnaya Y.V., Kremenetskaya E., Kværna T., Vaganova N.V., 2016. The 11 October
2010 Novaya Zemlya earthquake: implications for velocity models and regional event location. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 106, No. 4, pp. 1470–1481.
38. Grachev A.F., 1982. Geodynamics of the transitional zone from the Moma Rift to the Gakkel Ridge: rifted margins: field investigations of Margin structure and stratigraphy. AAPG Special Volumes, A110, pp. 103–113.
39. Grantz A., Johnson L., Sweeney J.F. (eds), 1990. The Arctic Ocean Region. Publishing house of the Geological Society of America, New York, NY, USA.
40. Gregersen S., 1979. Intraplate earthquake swarms in Greenland and adjacent continental regions. Nature, Vol. 281, No. 5733,
pp. 661–662.
41. Gregersen S., 1982. Earthquakes in Greenland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 31, pp. 11–27.
42. Gutenberg B., Richter C.F., 1941. Seismicity of the Earth. Geological Society of America Special Papers, Vol. 34, pp. 1–126.
43. Gutenberg B., Richter C., 1954. Seismicity of the Earth and associated phenomena, 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA.
44. Gvishiani A.D., Vorobieva I.A., Shebalin P.N., Dzeboev B.A., Dzeranov B.V., Skorkina A.A., 2022. Integrated earthquake catalog of the eastern sector of the Russian Arctic. Applied Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 10, pp. 5010, https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105010.
45. Harboe E.G., 1912. Das Erdbebenobservatorium auf der Disko-Insel. G. Gerlands Beitr ̈age zur Geophysik, Vol. 11, pp. 9–28.
46. Hartse H.E., 1997. The 16 August 1997 Novaya Zemlya seismic event as viewed from GSN stations KEV and KBS.
URL: https://public.lanl.gov/geophysics/geophysics/Posters/Hans/poster.html (accessed: 1 February 2023).
47. Heck N.H., 1938. The role of earthquakes and the seismic method in submarine geology. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 97–108.
48. Heezen B.C., Ewing M., 1961. The Mid-Oceanic Ridge and its extension through the Arctic Basin. In G.O. Raasch (ed.) Geology of the Arctic. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 622–642.
49. Hodgson E.A., 1929. The seismicity of the Arctic. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 201–210.
50. Hodgson J.H., Bath M., Jensen H., Kvale A., Linden N.A., Murphy L.M., Shebalin N.V., Tryggvason E., Vesanen E., 1965. Seismicity of the Arctic. Annals of the International Geophysical Year. Seismology, Vol. 30, pp. 33–45.
51. Hope G., 2013. Exploring the microseismicity of the Gakkel Ridge from Arctic Sea ice. Publishing house of the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
52. Hutt C.R., Bolton H.F., Holcomb L.G., 2002. U.S. contribution to digital global seismograph networks. In W.H.K. Lee, H. Kanamori,
P.C. Jennings, C. Kisslinger (eds), International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology, Part A. Academic Press, London, UK, pp. 319–332.
53. Jeddi Z., Ottemöller L., Sørensen M.B., Rezaei S., Gibbons S.J., Strømme M.L., Dahl-Jensen T., 2021. Improved seismic monitoring with OBS deployment in the Arctic: a pilot study from offshore Western Svalbard. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 92, No. 5,
pp. 2705–2717.
54. Jemsek J.P., Bergman E.A., Nabelek J.L., Solomon S.C., 1986. Focal depths and mechanisms of large earthquakes on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge system. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, Vol. 91, No. B14, pp. 13993–14005, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB14p13993.
55. Korger E.I., 2013. Seismicity and structure of a magmatic accretionary centre at an ultraslow spreading ridge: the volcanic centre at 85°E/85°N, Gakkel Ridge. DSc Thesis, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
56. Kristoffersen Y., Husebye E.S., Bungum H., Gregersen S., 1982. Seismic investigations of the Nansen Ridge during the FRAM I experiment. Tectonophysics, Vol. 82, No. 1–2, pp. 57–68.
57. Kulhánek O., 1988. The status, importance, and use of historical seismograms in Sweden. Proceedings of the Symposium on Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes, Tokyo, Japan, 1988, pp. 64–69.
58. Kværna T., Dando B.D.E., Gibbons S.J., 2023. Seismic monitoring of Novaya Zemlya: progress, challenges, and prospects. Seismological Society of America, Vol. XX, pp. 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220220338.
59. Kværna T., Ringdal F., Schweitzer J., Taylor L., 2002. Optimized seismic threshold monitoring. Part 1: regional processing. Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 159, No. 5, pp. 969–987.
60. Leblanc G., Wetmiller R.J., 1974. An evaluation of seismological data available for the Yukon Territory and the Mackenzie Valley. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 10, pp. 1435–1454.
61. McMullen C.A., 1985. Seismicity and tectonics of the Northeastern Sea of Okhotsk. Publishing house of the Michigan State University, Michigan, MI, USA.
62. Morozov A.N., Konechnaya Y.V., 2013. Monitoring of the Arctic region: contribution of the Arkhangelsk seismic network. Journal of Seismology, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 819–827, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-012-9356-x.
63. Morozov A.N., Vaganova N.V., Shakhova E.V., Konechnaya Y.V., Asming V.E., Antonovskaya G.N., Evtyugina Z.A., 2019. Seismicity of the Arctic in the early twentieth century: relocation of the 1904–1920 earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
Vol. 109, No. 5, pp. 2000–2008, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120190018.
64. Morozov A.N., Vaganova N V., Konechnaya Y.V., 2014. Seismicity of the northern Barents Sea in area of the Franz Victoria and Orla troughs. Geotectonics, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 232–238, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852114030042.
65. Morozov A.N., Vaganova N.V., Antonovskaya G.N., Asming V.E., Gabsatarova I.P., Dyagilev R.A., Shakhova E.V., Evtyugina Z.A., 2021. Low-magnitude earthquakes at the eastern ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 92,
No. 4, pp. 160–166, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200308.
66. Morozov A.N., Vaganova N.V., Konechnaya Y.V., 2019. The October 14, 1908 MW 6.6 earthquake in the Barents and Kara Sea region of the Arctic: relocation based on instrumental data. Polar Science, Vol. 20, pp. 160–166.
67. Müller C., Jokat W., 2000. Seismic evidence for volcanic activity discovered in central Arctic. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Vol. 81, No. 24, pp. 265–269.
68. Odishaw H., 1959. International geophysical year. Science, Vol. 129, No. 3340, pp. 14–25.
69. Oliver J., Murphy L., 1971. WWNSS: seismology’s global network of observing stations. Science, Vol. 174, No. 4006, pp. 254–261.
70. Ottemöller L., Strømme M.L., Storheim B.M., 2018. Seismic monitoring and data processing at the Norwegian national seismic network. Summary of the Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 27–40.
71. Qamar A., 1974. Seismicity of the Baffin Bay region. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 87–98.
72. Reid I., Falconer R.K.H., 1982. A seismicity study in northern Baffin Bay. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 1518–1531.
73. Rempp G., 1914. Aufstellung und Betrieb eines Seismographen auf der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Station Adventbai (Spitzbergen) 1911/12. Gerlands Beiträge zur Geophysik. Bd. XIII. H. 3. Leipzig — Berlin, Germany.
74. Riedel C., Schlindwein V., 2010. Did the 1999 earthquake swarm on Gakkel Ridge open a volcanic conduit? A detailed teleseismic data analysis. Journal of Seismology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 505–522.
75. Ringdal F., Kremenetskaya E., Asming V., 2002. Observed characteristics of regional seismic phases and implications for P/S discrimination in the European Arctic. Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 159, pp. 701–719.
76. Rogozhin E., Antonovskaya G., Basakina I., Kapustyan N., 2018. Chapter 4. Recent geodynamics and seismicity of the European Arctic. In M. Kanao, G. Toyokuni, Y. Kakinami (eds), Arctic studies — a proxy for climate change. IntechOpen, London, UK, pp. 39–53.
77. Scheidegger A.E., 1966. Tectonics of the arctic seismic belt in the light of fault-plane solutions of earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 241–245.
78. Schlindwein V., Demuth A., Korger E., Läderach C., Schmid F., 2015. Seismicity of the Arctic mid-ocean ridge system. Polar Science, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 146–157.
79. Schlindwein V., Müller C., Jokat W., 2007. Microseismicity of the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean: a pilot study. Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 169, No. 1, pp. 100–112.
80. Schweitzer J., Kennett B.L.N., 2007. Comparison of location procedures: the Kara Sea event of 16 August 1997. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 389–400.
81. Schweitzer J., Paulsen B., Antonovskaya G.N., Fedorov A.V., Konechnaya Y.V., Asming V.E., Pirli M., 2021. A 24-yr-long seismic bulletin for the European Arctic. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 92, No. 5, pp. 2758–2767.
82. Sohn R.A., Edmonds H., Humphris S., Shank T., Singh H., Ericsson B., Hedman U., Helmke E., Jakuba M., Kunz C., Larsson B., Liljebladh B., Linder J., Murphy C., Nakamura K., Pontbriand C., Sato T., Schlindwein V., Stranne C., Tausendfreund M., Upchurch L., Willis C., Winsor P., 2007. Scientific scope and summary of the Arctic Gakkel vents (AGAVE) expedition. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts,
Vol. 1, ID 07.
83. Stoneley R., 1960. The international geophysical year. Nature, Vol. 188, No. 4750, pp. 529–532.
84. Storchak D.A., Di Giacomo D., Engdahl E.R., Harris J., Bondár I., Lee W.H., Villaseñor A., 2015. The ISC-GEM global instrumental earthquake catalogue (1900–2009): introduction. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol. 239, pp. 48–63.
85. Sykes L.R., 1965. The seismicity of the Arctic. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 501–518.
86. Tams E., 1922. Die seismischen Verhältnisse des europäischen Nordmeer, zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaentologie, Vol. 13, pp. 385–397.
87. Tams E., 1927. Erdbeben im Gebiet der Nordenskiöld See. Gerlands Beitr. Geophysik, Vol. 17, pp. 325–330.
88. Thiede J., Oerter H. (eds), 2002. Die Expedition ANTARKTIS XVII/2 des Forschungsschiffes POLARSTERN 2000. Publishing house of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
89. Tolstoy M., Bohnenstiehl D.R., Edwards M.H., Kurras G.J., 2001. Seismic character of volcanic activity at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge. Geology, Vol. 29, No. 12, pp. 1139–1142.
90. Vorobieva I.A., Gvishiani A.D., Dzeboev B.A., Dzeranov B.V., Barykina Y.V., Antipova A.O., 2022. Nearest neighbor method for discriminating aftershocks and duplicates when merging earthquake catalogs. Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol. 10, pp. 1–12, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.820277.
91. Wetmiller R.J., Forsyth D.A., 1978. Seismicity of the Arctic, 1908–1975. Arctic Geophysical Review, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 15–24.
92. Wilde-Piórko M., Grad M., Wiejacz P., Schweitzer J., 2009. HSPB seismic broadband station in Southern Spitsbergen: first results on
crustal and mantle structure from receiver functions and SKS splitting. Polish Polar Research, pp. 301–316.

ALEXEY N. MOROZOV*
Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia; morozovalexey@yandex.ru
Address: Bld. 10, Pde 1, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya St., 123242, Moscow, Russia
NATALYA V. VAGANOVA
Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Arkhangelsk, Russia; nvag@yandex.ru
Address: Bld. 23, Severnoy Dviny Emb., 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia