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DOI: https://doi.org/10.25296/1997-8650-2022-16-1-8-26

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“Инженерные изыскания” Том XVI, № 1/2022

ТРЕХМЕРНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ И ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ДАННЫХ ИНЖЕНЕРНО-ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИЗЫСКАНИЙ. СОСТОЯНИЕ ВОПРОСА И ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ

Болдырев Г.Г.

Болдырев Г.Г., 2022. Трехмерное моделирование и визуализация данных инженерно-геологических изысканий. Состояние вопроса и практическая реализация. Инженерные изыскания, Том XVI, № 1, с. 8–26, https://doi.org/10.25296/1997-8650-2022-16-1-8-26.

Трехмерная инженерно-геологическая модель (ИГМ) — необходимый инструмент для геотехнического проектирования. Путем «врезки» в нее конструкции инженерного сооружения можно создать геотехническую модель, а затем выполнить анализ взаимодействия сооружения с грунтовой средой. Существующие методы построения ИГМ позволяют решать задачи в указанной постановке. В статье приведен обзор и анализ процесса построения ИГМ на основе полевых или лабораторных данных. Рассмотрены методы пространственного моделирования данных инженерно-геологических изысканий, наиболее часто применяемые в инженерной геологии. Показано, как сложные геологические области могут быть представлены аналитическими функциями и численными моделями. Приведена методология численной реализации геологических структур на основе данных из скважин или мест статического зондирования. Представлен явный подход к полному трехмерному моделированию массива грунта, когда для описания границ раздела слоев используются модели на основе поверхности, вокселей и гибридная структурная модель. Рассмотрены различные методы моделирования рельефа местности: регулярные сеточные структуры, триангулированная нерегулярная сеть и модель В-сплайнов. Показано, что применение воксельной модели в качестве примитивного элемента для построения ИГМ, включающей разломы в соответствии с характеристиками скважинных данных, позволяет автоматизировать процесс моделирования исследуемого массива грунта. Представлена процедура трехмерного моделирования, которая включает в себя 3D-поверхность рельефа и 3D-массив грунта ниже дневной поверхности. Введено понятие виртуальной выработки в целях увеличения объема исходных данных инженерных изысканий. Виртуальные данные в необследованных местах геологической среды находятся за счет использования функций интерполяции Делоне, Шепарда и Кригинга. Визуализация построенных ИГМ выполняется с помощью таких способов отображения данных, как динамический, одиночный, ландшафтный, перспективный и в виде разрезов в различных направлениях массива грунта.

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15. Donglai Y., 2007. Three dimensional modeling method and technology guide of geological body. Geological Publsihing House, Beijing.
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БОЛДЫРЕВ Г.Г.
Пензенский государственный университет архитектуры и строительства, г. Пенза, Россия, g-boldyrev@geoteck.ru
Адрес: ул. Титова, д. 28, г. Пенза, 440028, Россия
ООО «НПП “Геотек”», г. Пенза, Россия
Адрес: ул. Центральная, д. 1Н, г. Пенза, 440068, Россия

Engineering Survey, Vol. XVI, No. 1/2022

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING AND VISUALIZATION OF ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS’ DATA. STATE OF THE ISSUE AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

Boldyrev G.G.

Boldyrev G.G., 2022. Three-dimensional modeling and visualization of engineering-geological surveys’ data. State of the issue and practical implementation. Engineering Survey, Vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 8–26, https://doi.org/10.25296/1997-8650-2022-16-1-8-26.

Three-dimensional engineering-geological model (EGM) is an essential tool for geotechnical design. By “inserting” an engineering structure into it, it is possible to create a geotechnical model, and then perform an analysis of the interaction of the structure with the soil environment. The existing methods for constructing the EGM allow solving problems in the above formulation. The paper provides an overview and analysis of the process of building an EGM based on field or laboratory data. The methods of spatial modeling of engineering-geological surveys’ data, which are most often used in engineering geology, are considered. It is shown how complex geological regions can be represented by analytical functions and numerical models. A methodology for the numerical implementation of geological structures based on data from wells or cone penetration test’s sites is presented. An explicit approach to full 3D soil modeling is presented, using surface, voxel, and hybrid structural models to describe layer interfaces. Various methods of terrain modeling are considered: regular grid structures, triangulated irregular network, and B-spline model. It is shown that the use of a voxel model as a primitive element for constructing an EGM, including faults in accordance with the characteristics of well data, makes it possible to automate the process of modeling the studied soil massif. A 3D modeling procedure is presented, which includes a 3D terrain surface and a 3D soil mass below the surface. The concept of virtual development has been introduced in order to increase the volume of initial data of engineering surveys. Virtual data in unexplored locations in the subsurface are found through the use of Delaunay, Shepard, and Kriging interpolation functions. Visualization of the constructed EGMs is performed using such data display methods as dynamic, single, landscape, perspective, and in the form of sections in various directions of the soil massif.

geological 3D modeling modeling methods basic interpolation functions visualization GTP and NURBS models virtual workings

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9. Blinn J.F., 1978. Simulation of wrinkled surfaces. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 286–292, https://doi.org/10.1145/965139.507101.
10. Caumon G., Collon-Drouaillet P., Le Carlier de Veslud C., Viseur S., Sausse J., 2009. Surface-based 3D modeling of geological structures. Mathematical Geosciences, Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 927–945, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-009-9244-2.
11. Cheng P., Gong J., Shi W., Liu S., 2004. Geological object modeling based on quasi tri-prism volume and its application. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 602–607.
12. de Kemp E.A., 2000. 3-D visualization of structural field data: examples from the Archean Caopatina Formation, Abitibi greenstone belt, Québec, Canada. Computer and Geosciences, Vol. 26, Issue 5, pp. 509–530, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00142-9.
13. de Kemp E.A., Sprague K.B., 2003. Interpretive tools for 3-D structural geological modelling. Part I: Bézier-based curves, ribbons and grip frames. GeoInformatica, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 55–71, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022822227691.
14. Deren L., Qingquan L., 1997. A hybrid data structure of 3D GIS. Journal Surveying Mapping, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 121–127.
15. Donglai Y., 2007. Three dimensional modeling method and technology guide of geological body. Geological Publsihing House, Beijing.
16. Farin G., 1997. Curves and surfaces for computer aided geometric design, 4th edition. Academic Press, San Diego, СА, USA.
17. Houlding S.W., 1994. 3D geosciences modeling. Computer techniques for geological characterization. Springer-Verlag, Berlin — Heidelberg, Germany, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79012-6.
18. Jian C., 2001. Modeling and analysis of 3D strata information system. Publishing house of the Wuhan Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
19. Lemon A.M., Jones N.L., 2003. Building solid models from boreholes and user-defined cross-sections. Computers and Geosciences, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 547–555, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00051-7.
20. Li M., Han Y., Miao Z., Gao W., 2014. Alternative 3D modeling approaches based on complex multi-source geological data interpretation. Transactions of Tianjin University, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 7–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-014-2171-4.
21. Li R., Chen Y., Dong F., Qian L., Hughes J.D., 1996. 3D data structures and applications in geological subsurface modeling. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. ХХХI, pp. 508–513.
22. Lockyer P.S., 2006. Controlling the interpolation of NURBS curves and surfaces. PhD Thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
23. Lu X., Li Q., 2005. Study on 3D geological body modeling and visualization based on three prism. Surveying Science, Vol. 5, No. 30, pp. 82–83.
24. Lv X., Li Y., Sun P., 2016. Study on three dimensional modeling and visualization in geology. The Open Civil Engineering Journal,
Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 114–124, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149501610010114.
25. Mallet J.-L., 2002. Geomodeling. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA.
26. Manni C., Speleers H., 2016. Standard and non-standard CAGD tools for isogeometric analysis: a tutorial. In A. Buffa, G. Sangalli (eds), IsoGeometric analysis: a new paradigm in the numerical approximation of PDEs. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 2161. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp. 1–69, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42309-8_1.
27. Merland R., Caumon G., Levy B., Collon-Drouaillet P., 2014. Voronoi grids conforming to 3D structural features. Computational Geosciences, Vol. 18, No. 3–4, pp. 373–383, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-014-9408-0.
28. Miao Z., Li M., Zhong D., 2012. Automatic generation method of geological cross-sections in dredging engineering based on 3D solid NURBS models. Transactions of Tianjin University, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 393–400, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-012-1793-7.
29. Moёs N., Gravouil A., Belytschko T., 2002. Non-planar 3D crack growth by the extended finite element and level sets — Part I: mechanical model. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 53, Issue 11, pp. 2549–2568, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.429.
30. Peigl L., Tiller W., 1995. The NURBS Book. Springer Press, Berlin, Germany.
31. Piegl L., Tiller W., 1997. The NURBS Book, 2nd edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin — Heidelberg, Germany.
32. Pilouk M., Tempfli K., Molenaar M., 1994. A tetrahedron based 3D vector data model for geo-information. Advanced geographic data modeling, Proceedings, Vol. 40, Delft, The Netherlands, 1994, pp. 129–140.
33. Qiang W.U., Hua X.U., 2004. On three dimensional geological modeling and visualization. Science in China. Series D: Earth Sciences, Vol. 47, No. 8, pp. 739–748.
34. Qin H., Terzopoulos D., 1997. Triangular NURBS and their dynamic generalizations. Computer Aided Geometric Design, Vol. 14,
Issue 4, pp. 325–347, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8396(96)00062-3.
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GENNADII G. BOLDYREV
Penza State University of Architecture and Construction; Penza, Russia; g-boldyrev@geoteck.ru
Address: Bld. 28, Titova St., 440028, Penza, Russia
Scientific Production Enterprise Geotek LLC; Penza, Russia
Address: Bld. 1H, Centralnaj St., 440068, Penza, Russia

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