Engineering Geology World Vol. XVI, No. 1/2021
Tadjibayeva N.R., Mavlyanova N.G.
Tadjibayeva N.R., Mavlyanova N.G., 2021. Engineering geological conditions of the Bukhara city and their impact on the preservation of ancient architectural monuments. Engineering Geology World, Vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 60–73, https://doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2021-16-1-60-73.
Bukhara is an ancient city, founded more than 2 thousand years ago, in 1993 was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. There are more than 140 preserved historical monuments of the X to the XVII centuries in the city. During the centuries-old existence on the territory of Bukhara, various natural and human-made processes arose, but they began to manifest themselves especially intensively in the XX–XXI centuries. The development of industrial and civil construction, the irrigation facilities and collector-drainage canals, a multiple increase in water consumption and flooding of the area, especially the surrounding irrigated lands, greatly disturbed the balance that had developed over the centuries in the nature-city system. On the Bukhara territory and its environs, practically all components of the engineering geological conditions have been changed. The natural relief has been transformed everywhere, mainly towards higher elevations. Within the city limits, a stratum of anthropogenic deposits has accumulated, the thickness of which increases from the periphery to the center from 1 to 20 m. There was a regional rise in the level of groundwater, almost the entire territory of the city was flooded, waterlogging was noted in some areas, aeolian processes were activated, and secondary salinization of soils and grounds occurred. Under flooding conditions, the bearing capacity of soils, including anthropogenic ones, has decreased, which affects the preservation of historical and architectural monuments. Particularly dangerous is the uneven settlement of buildings on an excessively moistened base, which caused deformation of such valuable objects as the Samoniy mausoleums, Bokharziy, Mirzo Ulugbek, Kukeldash Madrasah, etc. Most of the historical sites in the “old city” have wetted and salinized walls, which is one of the reasons for the destruction (weathering) bricks, mortar and rubble stone. Recommendations for reducing damage from natural and human-made processes
have been developed.
1. Abdullabekov K.N., 1998. Seismic zoning. Problems and current state. Uzbekskiy Geologicheskiy Zhurnal, No. 3, pp. 21–32.
(in Russian)
2. Babaev A.G., 1966. Geotectonic history of Western Uzbekistan and regional patterns of oil and gas distribution. Nedra, Leningrad. (in Russian)
3. Davlyatov Sh.D., 1971. Tectonics of oil and gas bearing regions of Western Uzbekistan. FAN, Tashkent. (in Russian)
4. Mavlyanov G.A. (ed.), 1986. Gazli earthquakes of 1976 and 1984. FAN, Tashkent. (in Russian)
5. Mavlyanov G.A., Shermatov M.Sh., Umarova G.Kh., 1980. Seismic microdistricting of Bukhara. Uzbekskiy Geologicheskiy Zhurnal,
No. 3, pp. 70–73. (in Russian)
6. Mavlyanova N.G., 2011. Peculiarities of the seismic risk assessment for the territory of Uzbekistan. Engineering Surveys, No. 12,
pp. 72–80. (in Russian)
7. Osipov V.I., Eremina O.N., Kozlakova I.V., 2017. Assessment of exogenous geohazards and geological risk in urban areas (review of foreign publications). Geoekologiya, No. 3, pp. 3–15. (in Russian)
8. Pashkin E.M., 2013. Engineering-geological diagnostics of deformations of architectural monuments. Publishing house of the Design Institute “Georekonstruktsiya”, Saint Petersburg. (in Russian)
9. Petrov Yu.M., 1999. Bukhara. Climate and weather, in I.G. Gringof, T.M. Mukhtarov (eds). Publishing house of the Glavgidromet, Tashkent. (in Russian)
10. Sorochan E.A., Mikheev V.V., Efremov M.G., Vronsky A.V. (eds), 1978. Guidelines for the design of the foundations of buildings and structures. Stroizdat, Moscow. (in Russian)
11. Talvirsky B.B., Khudaibergenov I.A., Pivovarov B.I., 1984. Geomorphology and recent tectonics of the focal region. In book Gazli earthquakes of 1976. Nauka, Tashkent, pp. 137–148. (in Russian)
12. Tadjibayeva N.R., 2010. Features of the negative impact of technogenesis on the current state of historical monuments of the technogenic environment (IPTS) in Bukhara. Innovative ideas of young scientists-geologists and specialists in the development of the mineral resource base of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Materials of the republican youth Conference, Tashkent, 2010, pp. 110–112. (in Russian)
13. Tadjibaeva N.R., 2015. Age and genetic types of rocks Bukhara and their engineering and geological characteristics. Vestnik National University of Uzbekistan, 2015, No. 3/1, pp. 150–154. (in Russian)
14. Tadjibayeva N.R., 2018. Engineering-geological conditions of Bukhara and drawing up a map of engineering-geological zoning. Influence of natural global changes and technogenic conditions on hydrogeological, engineering-geological and geoecological processes: analysis of results and forecasting of development, Materials of the International scientific and practical Conference, Tashkent, 2018,
pp. 155–158. (in Russian)
15. Shermatov M.Sh., Tadjibayeva N.R., 2012. Regulation of groundwater regime in the geological environment of foundations of historical monuments. Ekologicheskiy Vestnik, No. 4, pp. 52–57. (in Russian)
16. Artikov T.U., Ibragimov R.S., Ibragimova T.L, Mirzaev M.A., 2020. Complex of general seismic zoning maps OSR-2017 of Uzbekistan. Geodesy and Geodynamics, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 273–294, doi.org/10.1016/j.jeog.2020.03.004.
17. Culshaw M.G., Price S.J., 2010. The 2010 Hans Cloos lecture. The contribution of urban geology to the development, regeneration and conservation of cities. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 333–376.
18. Guzman P., Fatorić S., Ishizawa M., 2020. Monitoring climate change in world heritage properties: evaluating landscape-based approach in the state of conservation system. Climate, Vol. 8, No. 3, Paper 39, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8030039.
19. Legg R., Myers R., 2000. Salt damage to important Islamic Monuments at Bukhara and Khiva. Ground water and soil salinity related damage to the monuments and sites in Central Asia, Proceedings of the regional workshop, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 2000, pp. 61–91.
20. Legget R.F., 1973. Cities and geology. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA.
21. Margottini C., 2015. Engineering geology in shaping and preserving the historic urban landscapes and cultural heritage: achievements in UNESCO world heritage sites. Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, Vol. 8, pp. 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09408-3_1.
22. Margottini C., Spizzichino D., 2014. How geology shapes human settlements. In F. Bandarin, R. Van Oers (eds), Reconnecting the city. Wiley, London, UK.
23. Mavlyanova N.G., Ismailov V.A., 2004. Influences of human activity on deformations of the ancient structures of Ichan-Kala in Khiva City. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Issue 22, pp. 135–150, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEGE.0000014284.46858.aa.
24. Mavlyanova N.G., 2015. Engineering geology problems and seismic vulnerability of ancient structures in Central Asia. Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, Vol. 8, pp. 165–168, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09408-3_26.
25. The UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. Report of the Second Consultation on its Implementation by Member States, 2019. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. URL: https://whc.unesco.org/en/hul/ (accessed: 20 October 2020).
26. UNESCO World Heritage list. URL: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/602/ (accessed: 20 October 2020).
NADIRA R. TADJIBAYEVA
Mirzo Ulugbek National University of Uzbekistan; Tashkent, Uzbekistan; nadira.ruzievna@mail.ru
Address: Bld. 4, Universitetskaya St., 100174, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
NADIRA G. MAVLYANOVA*
Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia; georisk2015@mail.ru
Address: Bld. 13, Pde 2, Р.О. 145, Ulansky Ln., 101000, Moscow, Russia