Геомаркетинг » МЕТОД ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ДАВЛЕНИЯ ПЕРЕУПЛОТНЕНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАВИСИМОСТЕЙ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ИНДЕКСА КОМПРЕССИИ. ЧАСТЬ 1. ОБОСНОВАНИЕ МЕТОДА

DOI: 10.25296/1993-5056-2019-14-3-38-57

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“Инженерная геология”, том XIV, №3/2019

МЕТОД ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ДАВЛЕНИЯ ПЕРЕУПЛОТНЕНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАВИСИМОСТЕЙ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ИНДЕКСА КОМПРЕССИИ. ЧАСТЬ 1. ОБОСНОВАНИЕ МЕТОДА

ВАСЕНИН В.А.

Васенин В.А., 2019. Метод определения давления переуплотнения на основе статистических зависимостей распределения индекса компрессии. Часть 1. Обоснование метода. Инженерная геология, Том ХIV, № 3, с. 38-57, https://doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2019-14-3-38-57.

В первой части работы выполнен краткий обзор методов определения давления переуплотнения в лабораторных условиях, учитывающих нарушение природной структуры образцов. Приводится обоснование метода определения давления переуплотнения по результатам статистических оценок индекса компрессии с учетом параметра нарушения природной структуры лабораторных образцов (по градациям качества). Разработка метода осуществлена для быстрого анализа больших объемов результатов компрессионных испытаний (с целью создания региональной базы данных) лабораторных образцов. Рассматриваются различные вариации метода, позволяющие по физическим характеристикам терригенных грунтов оценить историческое давление переуплотнения с учетом качества лабораторных образцов. На основе метода с учетом статистических распределений индекса компрессии (в определенных диапазонах градации качества лабораторных образцов) выполняется построение седиментационной кривой. Приведены упрощенные подходы к оценке давления переуплотнения с использованием различных вариантов аппроксимации зависимостей индекса компрессии от природной величины коэффициента пористости. Метод наиболее эффективен для терригенных глинистых разностей, имеющих сходные диаграммы пластичности и активности минерального состава и находящихся в узком интервале изменения числа пластичности (5–17%), что характерно для ледниковых и послеледниковых отложений территории Санкт-Петербурга. На основании анализа свойств седиментационной кривой показана возможность выполнения верификационных процедур оценки недренированной сдвиговой прочности. Показано сходство генетической классификации В.Д. Ломтадзе на основе литификационной кривой и классификации по консистенции на основе оценки величины недренированной сдвиговой прочности. Для повышения точности метода рекомендуется создание расширенных региональных баз данных индекса компрессии и недренированной сдвиговой прочности с учетом физических свойств образцов.

1. Васенин В.А., 2018. Оценки изменения физических свойств глинистых отложений на территории Санкт-Петербурга и их связь с механизмами переуплотнения. Геотехника, Том X, № 3, с. 70–86.
2. Васенин В.А., 2018. Статистическая оценка параметров нарушения природной структуры лабораторных образцов глинистых отложений при инженерно-геологических изысканиях на территории Санкт-Петербурга и окрестностей. Инженерная геология, Том XIII, № 6, с. 48–65, https://doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2018-13-6-48-65.
3. Васенин В.А., 2019. Компрессионная сжимаемость глинистых грунтов Санкт-Петербурга. Часть 2. Сопоставление корреляционных зависимостей для Балтийского региона. Геотехника, Том XI, № 1, с. 6–21, https://doi.org/10.25296/2221-5514-2019-11-1-6-21.
4. Мухин Ю.В., 1965. Процессы уплотнения глинистых осадков (Применительно к вопросам геологии нефти и газа, гидрогеологии и инженерной геологии). Недра, Москва.
5. Andersen A., Kolstad P., 1979. The NGI 54-mm samplers for undisturbed sampling of clays and representative sampling of coarser materials. Proceedings of the International Conference on Soil Sampling, Singapore, 1979, pp. 13–21.
6. Andresen A., Berre T., Kleven A., Lunne T., 1979. Procedures used to obtain soil parameters for foundation engineering in the North Sea. Marine Geotechnology, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 201–266.
7. Baligh M.M., 1985. The strain path method. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 111, No. 9, pp. 1108–1136.
8. Baligh M.M., Azzouz A.S., Chin C.T., 1987. Disturbances due to ideal tube sampling. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 113,
No. 7, pp. 739–757.
9. Becker D., Crooks J., Been K., Jeffries M., 1987. Work as a criterion for determining in situ and yield stresses in clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 549–564.
10. Bjerrum L., 1967. Engineering geology of Norwegian normally-consolidated marine clays as related to settlements of buildings. Géotechnique, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 81–118.
11. Boone S. J., 2010. A critical reappraisal of “preconsolidation pressure” using the oedometer test. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
Vol. 47. No. 3, pp. 281–296.
12. Burland J.B., 1990. On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays. Géotechnique, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 329–378.
13. Burmister D.M., 1951. The applications of controlled test methods in consolidation testing. Symposium on Consolidation Testing of Soils. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication STP 126, pp. 83–97.
14. Butterfield R., 1979. A natural compression law for soils (an advance on e-logp). Géotechnique, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 469–480.
15. Casagrande A., 1936. Determination of the preconsolidation load and its practical significance. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Cambridge, 1936, Vol. 3, pp. 60–64.
16. Clementino R., 2005. Discussion of "an oedometer test study on the preconsolidation pressure of glaciomarine clays". Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 972–974.
17. Chetia M., Bora P.K., 1998. Estimation of over consolidated ratio of saturated uncemented clays from simple parameters. Indian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 177–194.
18. DeGroot D.J., Knudsen S., Lunne T., 1999. Correlations among pc′, su and the index properties for offshore clays. Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore and Nearshore Geotechnical Engineering, Panvel, India, 1999, pp. 173–178.
19. Denissov N.Ya., 1965. Pore pressure and strength of underconsolidated clay soil. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Montreal, Quebec, 1965, Vol. 1, pp. 208–212.
20. Dias Junior M.S., Pierce F.J., 1995. A simple procedure for estimating preconsolidation pressure from soil compression curves. Soil Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 139–151.
21. Graham J., Pinkney R.B., Lew K.V., Trainor P.G.S., 1981. Curve-fitting and laboratory data. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 201–205.
22. Grozic J., Lunne T., Pande S., 2003. An oedometer test study on the preconsolidation stress of glaciomarine clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 857–872.
23. Hardin B.O., 1989. 1-D strain in normally consolidated cohesive soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 5,
pp. 689–710.
24. Fang H.-Y., 1991. Foundation engineering handbook. Springer US, Boston.
25. Jacobsen H.M., 1992. Bestemmelse af forbelastningstryk i laboratoriet. Proceedings of Nordiske Geotechnikermonde NGM-92, Aalborg, Denmark, 1992, Vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 455–460.
26. Janbu N., 1969. The resistance concept applied to deformation of soils. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Mexico City, 1969, Vol. 1, pp. 191–196.
27. Jose B.T., Sridharan A., Abraham B.M., 1989. Log-Log method for determination of preconsolidation pressure. Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 230–237.
28. Ladd C.C., Lambe T.W., 1963. The strength of undisturbed clay determined from undrained tests. Proceedings of the Symposium on Laboratory Shear Testing of Soils, ASTM STP 361, Philadelphia, 1963, pp. 342–371.
29. Ladd C.C., Foott R., 1974. New design procedure for stability of soft clays. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. 7, pp. 763–786.
30. Ladd C.C., Don J., DeGroot D.J., 2003. Recommended practice for soft ground site characterization: arthur casagrande lecture. Proceedings of the 12th Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2003, Vol. 1, pp. 1–57.
31. Leonards G.A., 1976. Estimating consolidation settlements of shallow foundation on overconsolidation clay. Transportation Research Board, Special report, Vol. 163, pp. 13–16.
32. Lunne T., Berre T., Strandvik S., 1997. Sample disturbance effect in soft low plasticity Norwegian clay. Proceedings of the Conference on Recent Developments in Soil Mechanics, Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 81–102.
33. Lunne T., Berre T.V., Strandvik S., 1998. Sample disturbance effects in deep water soil investigations. Offshore Site Investigation and Foundation Behaviour 'New Frontiers, Proceedings of the International Conference, London, UK, 1998, pp. 81–103.
34. Mesri G., 1975. Discussion on “New design procedure for stability of soft clays”. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,
Vol. 101, No. 4, pp. 409–412.
35. Mesri G., Vardhanabhuti B., 2009. Compression of granular materials. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 369–392.
36. Nagaraj T., Murthy B., Vatsala A., Joshi R., 1990. Analysis of compressibility of sensitive soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 116, No. 1, pp. 105–118.
37. Oikawa H., 1987. Compression curve of soft soils. Journal of the Japanese Geotechnical Society, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 27,
No. 3, pp. 99–104.
38. Onitsuka K., Hong Z., Hara Y., Yoshitake S., 1995. Interpretation of oedometer test data for natural clays. Soils and Foundations,
Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 61–70.
39. Pacheco Silva F., 1970. A new graphical construction for determination of the preconsolidation stress of a soil sample. Proceedings of the 4th Brazilian Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil, 1970, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 225–232.
40. Peck R., Ireland Н., 1974. Experience in teaching engineering judgment by case histories in foundation engineering. Proceedings ASCE Conference on Engineering Education, Ohio State University, 1974, Vol. 1, pp. 187–192.
41. Sallfors G., 1975. Preconsolidation pressure of soft, high-plastic clays. Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg.
42. Schmertmann J.N., 1955. The undisturbed consolidation behavior of clay. Transactions. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., Vol. 120, pp. 1201–1233.
43. Scofield A.N., Wroth C.P., 1968. Critical state soil mechanics. McGraw-Hill, London.
44. Senol A., Seglamer A., 2002. A new method for determination of the preconsolidation pressure in a low-plasticity clay. ITU. Civil engineering department. Teknik Dergi. Istanbul. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 2555–2572.
45. Seah T., Juirnarongrit T., 2003. Constant rate of strain consolidation with radial drainage. Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 432–443.
46. Shogaki T., 1994. Effects of samples on strength and consolidation parameter of soft clay. Soil and Foundation, Vol. 34, No. 3,
pp. 1–10.
47. Shogaki T., 1996. A method for correcting consolidation parameters for sample disturbance using volumetric strain. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 123–131.
48. Skempton A.W., 1970. The consolidation of clays by gravitational compaction. Journal Geotechnical Society, Vol. 125, pp. 373–411.
49. Solanki C., Desai M., 2008. Preconsolidation pressure from soil index and plasticity properties. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), Goa, India, 2008,
pp. 1475–1479.
50. Tavenas F., Des Rosiers J.P., Leroueil S., La Rochelle P., Roy M., 1979. The use of strain energy as a yield and creep criterion for lightly overconsolidated clays. Geotechnique, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 285–303.
51. Terzaghi K., Peck R.B., Mesri G., 1996. Soil mechanics in engineering practice. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
52. Tovey N.K., Paul M.A., 2002. Modelling self-weight consolidation in Holocene sediments. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 21–33.
53. Yoon H.-K., Lee C., Kim H.-K., Lee J.-S., 2011. Evaluation of preconsolidation stress by shear wave velocity. Smart Structures and Systems, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 275–287.
54. Van Zelst T.W., 1948. An investigation of factors affecting laboratory consolidation of clay. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam, Netherlands, Vol. 7, pp. 52–61.
55. Wang L., Frost J., 2004. Dissipated strain energy method for determining preconsolidation pressure. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 760–768.

ВАСЕНИН В.А.
ООО «ПИ Геореконструкция», г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия, vavasenin@mail.ru
Адрес: Измайловский пр., д. 4, офис 414, г. Санкт-Петербург, 190005, Россия

Engineering Geology World Vol. XIV, No. 3/2019

THE METHOD OF DETERMINING THE OVERCONSOLIDATION PRESSURE BASED ON THE STATISTICAL DEPENDENCIES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMPRESSION INDEX. PART 1. JUSTIFICATION OF THE METHOD

VLADISLAV A. VASENIN

Vasenin V.A., 2019. The method of determining the overconsolidation pressure based on the statistical dependencies of the distribution of the compression index. Part 1. Justification of the method. Engineering Geology World, Vol. XIV, No. 3, pp. 38-57, https://doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2019-14-3-38-57.

In the first part of the work, a brief review of methods for determining the overconsolidation pressure under laboratory conditions, taking into account the disturbance of the natural structure of the samples, was performed. A theoretical justification is given for the method for determining of the overconsolidation pressure according to the results of statistical estimates of the compression index, taking into account the parameter of disturbance of the natural structure of laboratory samples (by quality gradations). The development of the method was carried out for the rapid analysis of large volumes of compression test results (with the aim of creating a regional database) of laboratory samples. Variations of the method are considered, which make it possible to estimate the historical overconsolidation pressure according to the physical characteristics of terrigenous soils, taking into account the quality of soil samples. On the basis of the method, taking into account the statistical distributions of the compression index (in certain ranges of the gradation of the quality of laboratory samples), a sedimentation curve is constructed. Simplified approaches to estimating overconsolidation pressure are given, taking into account various options for approximating the dependencies of the compression index on the natural value of the void ratio. The method is most effective for terrigenous clay differences, that have similar diagrams of plasticity and activity of the mineral composition, and located in a narrow range of plasticity changes (5–17%), which is typical for glacial and postglacial deposits of territory of St. Petersburg. Based on the analysis of the properties of the sedimentation curve, the possibility of performing verification procedures for evaluating undrained shear strength is shown. The similarity of the genetic classification of V.D. Lomtadze on the basis of a lithification curve and classification by consistency based on an estimate of the amount of undrained shear strength is shown. To improve the accuracy of the method, it is necessary to create advanced regional databases of the compression index and undrained shear strength, taking into account the physical properties of the samples.

overconsolidation ratio postglacial deposits glacial deposits сompression tests overconsolidation pressure compression index undrained shear strength lateral pressure factor of the soil at rest sedimentation curve disturbance of the natural structure of the samples

1. Vasenin V.A., 2018. Evaluation of clay deposits physical properties changed regularities in Saint-Petersburg territory and their communication with overconsolidation mechanisms. Geotechnics, Vol. X, No. 3, pp. 70–86. (in Russian)
2. Vasenin V.A., 2018. Evaluation of disturbed parameters of the natural structure of the laboratory samples of clay deposits during engineering and geological surveys in Saint-Petersburg territory and nearest areas. Inzhenernaya geologiya, Vol. XIII, No. 6, pp. 48–65, https://doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2018-13-6-48-65. (in Russian)
3. Vasenin V.A., 2019. Clayey soils of Saint-Petersburg oedometric compression. Part 2. Comparison correlation dependencies of Baltic region. Geotechnics, Vol. XI, No. 1, pp. 6–21, https://doi.org/10.25296/2221-5514-2019-11-1-6-21. (in Russian)
4. Mukhin Yu.V., 1965. The processes of compaction of clay sediments (With reference to questions of the geology of oil and gas, hydrogeology and engineering geology). Nedra, Moscow. (in Russian)
5. Andersen A., Kolstad P., 1979. The NGI 54-mm samplers for undisturbed sampling of clays and representative sampling of coarser materials. Proceedings of the International Conference on Soil Sampling, Singapore, 1979, pp. 13–21.
6. Andresen A., Berre T., Kleven A., Lunne T., 1979. Procedures used to obtain soil parameters for foundation engineering in the North Sea. Marine Geotechnology, No. 3(3), pp. 201–266.
7. Baligh M.M., 1985. The strain path method. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 111(9), pp. 1108–1136.
8. Baligh M.M., Azzouz A.S., Chin C.T., 1987. Disturbances due to ideal tube sampling. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 113(7), pp. 739–757.
9. Becker D., Crooks J., Been K., Jeffries M., 1987. Work as a criterion for determining in situ and yield stresses in clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 549–564.
10. Bjerrum L., 1967. Engineering geology of Norwegian normally-consolidated marine clays as related to settlements of buildings. Géotechnique, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 81–118.
11. Boone S. J., 2010. A critical reappraisal of “preconsolidation pressure” using the oedometer test. Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
Vol. 47. No. 3, pp. 281–296.
12. Burland J.B., 1990. On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays. Géotechnique, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 329–378.
13. Burmister D.M., 1951. The applications of controlled test methods in consolidation testing. Symposium on Consolidation Testing of Soils. American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication STP 126, pp. 83–97.
14. Butterfield R., 1979. A natural compression law for soils (an advance on e-logp). Géotechnique, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 469–480.
15. Casagrande A., 1936. Determination of the preconsolidation load and its practical significance. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Cambridge, 1936, Vol. 3, pp. 60–64.
16. Clementino R., 2005. Discussion of "an oedometer test study on the preconsolidation pressure of glaciomarine clays". Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 972–974.
17. Chetia M., Bora P.K., 1998. Estimation of over consolidated ratio of saturated uncemented clays from simple parameters. Indian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 177–194.
18. DeGroot D.J., Knudsen S., Lunne T., 1999. Correlations among pc′, su and the index properties for offshore clays. Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore and Nearshore Geotechnical Engineering, Panvel, India, 1999, pp. 173–178.
19. Denissov N.Ya., 1965. Pore pressure and strength of underconsolidated clay soil. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Montreal, Quebec, 1965, Vol. 1, pp. 208–212.
20. Dias Junior M.S., Pierce F.J., 1995. A simple procedure for estimating preconsolidation pressure from soil compression curves. Soil Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 139–151.
21. Graham J., Pinkney R.B., Lew K.V., Trainor P.G.S., 1981. Curve-fitting and laboratory data. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 201–205.
22. Grozic J., Lunne T., Pande S., 2003. An oedometer test study on the preconsolidation stress of glaciomarine clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 857–872.
23. Hardin B.O., 1989. 1-D strain in normally consolidated cohesive soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 115, No. 5,
pp. 689–710.
24. Fang H.-Y., 1991. Foundation engineering handbook. Springer US, Boston.
25. Jacobsen H.M., 1992. Bestemmelse af forbelastningstryk i laboratoriet. Proceedings of Nordiske Geotechnikermonde NGM-92, Aalborg, Denmark, 1992, Vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 455–460.
26. Janbu N., 1969. The resistance concept applied to deformation of soils. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Mexico City, 1969, Vol. 1, pp. 191–196.
27. Jose B.T., Sridharan A., Abraham B.M., 1989. Log-Log method for determination of preconsolidation pressure. Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 230–237.
28. Ladd C.C., Lambe T.W., 1963. The strength of undisturbed clay determined from undrained tests. Proceedings of the Symposium on Laboratory Shear Testing of Soils, ASTM STP 361, Philadelphia, 1963, pp. 342–371.
29. Ladd C.C., Foott R., 1974. New design procedure for stability of soft clays. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 100, No. 7, pp. 763–786.
30. Ladd C.C., Don J., DeGroot D.J., 2003. Recommended practice for soft ground site characterization: arthur casagrande lecture. Proceedings of the 12th Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2003, Vol. 1, pp. 1–57.
31. Leonards G.A., 1976. Estimating consolidation settlements of shallow foundation on overconsolidation clay. Transportation Research Board, Special report, Vol. 163, pp. 13–16.
32. Lunne T., Berre T., Strandvik S., 1997. Sample disturbance effect in soft low plasticity Norwegian clay. Proceedings of the Conference on Recent Developments in Soil Mechanics, Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil, pp. 81–102.
33. Lunne T., Berre T.V., Strandvik S., 1998. Sample disturbance effects in deep water soil investigations. Offshore Site Investigation and Foundation Behaviour 'New Frontiers, Proceedings of the International Conference, London, UK, 1998, pp. 81–103.
34. Mesri G., 1975. Discussion on “New design procedure for stability of soft clays”. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,
Vol. 101, No. 4, pp. 409–412.
35. Mesri G., Vardhanabhuti B., 2009. Compression of granular materials. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 369–392.
36. Nagaraj T., Murthy B., Vatsala A., Joshi R., 1990. Analysis of compressibility of sensitive soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 116, No. 1, pp. 105–118.
37. Oikawa H., 1987. Compression curve of soft soils. Journal of the Japanese Geotechnical Society, Soils and Foundations, Vol. 27,
No. 3, pp. 99–104.
38. Onitsuka K., Hong Z., Hara Y., Yoshitake S., 1995. Interpretation of oedometer test data for natural clays. Soils and Foundations,
Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 61–70.
39. Pacheco Silva F., 1970. A new graphical construction for determination of the preconsolidation stress of a soil sample. Proceedings of the 4th Brazilian Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil, 1970, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 225–232.
40. Peck R., Ireland Н., 1974. Experience in teaching engineering judgment by case histories in foundation engineering. Proceedings ASCE Conference on Engineering Education, Ohio State University, 1974, Vol. 1, pp. 187–192.
41. Sallfors G., 1975. Preconsolidation pressure of soft, high-plastic clays. Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg.
42. Schmertmann J.N., 1955. The undisturbed consolidation behavior of clay. Transactions. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., Vol. 120, pp. 1201–1233.
43. Scofield A.N., Wroth C.P., 1968. Critical state soil mechanics. McGraw-Hill, London.
44. Senol A., Seglamer A., 2002. A new method for determination of the preconsolidation pressure in a low-plasticity clay. . ITU. Civil engineering department. Teknik Dergi. Istanbul. Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 2555–2572.
45. Seah T., Juirnarongrit T., 2003. Constant rate of strain consolidation with radial drainage. Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 432–443.
46. Shogaki T., 1994. Effects of samples on strength and consolidation parameter of soft clay. Soil and Foundation, Vol. 34, No. 3,
pp. 1–10.
47. Shogaki T., 1996. A method for correcting consolidation parameters for sample disturbance using volumetric strain. Soils and Foundations, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 123–131.
48. Skempton A.W., 1970. The consolidation of clays by gravitational compaction. Journal Geotechnical Society, Vol. 125, pp. 373–411.
49. Solanki C., Desai M., 2008. Preconsolidation pressure from soil index and plasticity properties. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG), Goa, India, 2008,
pp. 1475–1479.
50. Tavenas F., Des Rosiers J.P., Leroueil S., La Rochelle P., Roy M., 1979. The use of strain energy as a yield and creep criterion for lightly overconsolidated clays. Geotechnique, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 285–303.
51. Terzaghi K., Peck R.B., Mesri G., 1996. Soil mechanics in engineering practice. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
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VLADISLAV A. VASENIN
Design Institute Georeconstrukciya LLC; Saint Petersburg, Russia; vavasenin@mail.ru
Address: Bld. 4, Оffice 414, Izmailovsky Ave, 190005, Saint Petersburg, Russia

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