Статья посвящается 70-летию самого большого стихийного бедствия в российской истории — трагическому цунами 5 ноября 1952 г. на северных Курильских о-вах и п-ове Камчатка. В качестве доказательства высокой опасности цунами для российских морских побережий приводятся примеры исторических цунами 1737 и 1923 гг., высота наката которых на берег достигала 30 м. Целью настоящей статьи является упорядоченное описание способов, механизмов и инструментов, с помощью которых рекомендуется уменьшать цунами-бедствия, обеспечивая устойчивую безопасность морских побережий. Обсуждается используемый для этого программно-блочный подход, описаны типовая программа и блок-схема превентивного обеспечения
безопасности урбанизированных территорий, подверженных стихийным угрозам. Рассмотрена разработанная шкала бедствий (DIsaster MAgnitude — DIMAK). Описываются способы и инструментарий анализа и управления цунами-риском. Подчеркивается, что основные из них — это уменьшение уязвимости населения, конструктивной и функциональной уязвимости зданий, планировочной уязвимости застройки, а также экологической уязвимости. Особое внимание уделено анализу и управлению цунами-риском за счет использования норм для проектирования цунамистойких зданий и сооружений. В настоящее время вероятные бедствия на цунамиопасных побережьях российских дальневосточных, Черного и Каспийского морей уменьшаются инженерами и градостроителями, которые реализуют подходы и решения, изложенные в СП 292.1325800.2017 «Здания и сооружения в цунамиопасных районах. Правила проектирования», а также службой предупреждения о цунами, которая функционирует пока только в Сахалинской области, Камчатском и Приморском краях. Описываются существующие недостатки указанного нормативного технического документа. Предлагаются рекомендации по совершенствованию и развитию комплексного программного подхода для устойчивой цунамибезопасности на морских побережьях России.

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КЛЯЧКО М.А.*
АНО «Региональный альянс для анализа и уменьшения бедствий», г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия, marfazhirkina@yandex.ru
Адрес: Свердловская наб., д. 62, литера А, г. Санкт-Петербург, 195027, Россия
ЗАЙЦЕВ А.И.
Специальное конструкторское бюро средств автоматизации морских исследований ДВО РАН, г. Южно-Сахалинск, Россия, aizatysev@mail.ru
Адрес: ул. Алексея Максимовича Горького, д. 25, г. Южно-Сахалинск, 693023, Россия
ТАЛИПОВА Т.Г.
Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт прикладной физики РАН, г. Нижний Новгород, Россия, tgtalipova@mail.ru
Адрес: ул. Ульянова, д. 46, г. Нижний Новгород, 603950, Россия
Тихоокеанский океанологический институт им. В.И. Ильичева ДВО РАН, г. Владивосток, Россия
Адрес: ул. Балтийская, д. 43, г. Владивосток, 690041, Россия
ПЕЛИНОВСКИЙ Е.Н.
Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт прикладной физики РАН, г. Нижний Новгород, Россия, pelinovsky@appl.sci-nnov.ru
Тихоокеанский океанологический институт им. В.И. Ильичева ДВО РАН, г. Владивосток, Россия

The paper is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the biggest natural disaster in Russian history — the tragic tsunami of 5 November 1952 on the Northern Kuril Islands and the Kamchatka Peninsula. As evidence of the high tsunami hazard for the Russian sea coasts, there are examples of the historical tsunamis of 1737 and 1923 during which the height of the waves reached 30 m. The purpose of the present paper is to describe orderly the ways, mechanisms, and tools recommended to reduce tsunami disasters ensuring the sustainable sea coast safety. The program and block approach to ensuring the sustainable sea coast safety is discussed. A typical program and a block diagram of the preventive safety of urban areas subject to natural hazards are described. The developed disaster scale (DIsaster MAgnitude — DIMAK) is given. Methods and toolboxes for analysis and management of tsunami risk are described. It is emphasized that the main tool for managing the tsunami risk is to reduce the human vulnerability, the structural and functional vulnerability of buildings, the planning vulnerability of the built environment, as well as environmental vulnerability. A special attention is paid to the analysis and management of tsunami risk through the use of standards for the design of tsunami-resistant buildings and structures. Currently, probable tsunami disasters on the coasts of the Russian Far Eastern seas, the Black and Caspian seas are mitigated by engineers and city planners, who are implementing the approaches and solutions of the SP 292.1325800.2017 “Buildings and structures on tsunami hazardous areas. Regulations of design”, and also by means of the tsunami warning service, which so far operates only in the Kamchatka and Primorye territories and in the Sakhalin Region. The existing disadvantages of this document are described. Recommendations for the improvement and development of an integrated program approach for sustainable tsunami safety on the Russian coasts are proposed.

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MARK A. KLYACHKO*
Regional Alliance for Disaster Analysis and Reduction ANPO; Saint Petersburg, Russia; marfazhirkina@yandex.ru
Address: Bld. 62, Litera A, Sverdlovskaya Emb., 195027, Saint Petersburg, Russia
ANDREY I. ZAYTSEV
Special Research Bureau for Automation of Marine Researches, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia; aizaytsev@mail.ru
Address: Bld. 25, Alekseya Maksimovicha Gorkogo St., 693023, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia
TATYANA G. TALIPOVA
Federal Research Center Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; tgtalipova@mail.ru
Address: Bld. 46, Ulyanov St., 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Ilichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russia
Address: Bld. 43, Baltiyskaya St., 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
EFIM N. PELINOVSKY
Federal Research Center Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; pelinovsky@gmail.com
Ilichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russia