В Сирии значительная часть территории представлена глинистыми набухающими грунтами, которые занимают около 12% общей площади страны. Проявление свойств набухания грунтов наносит существенный ущерб инфраструктуре в виде трещин в стенах и фундаментах, кренов, коробления подъездных путей и автодорог, разрыва водопроводных или канализационных труб и др., что подчеркивает необходимость их стабилизации, особенно в контексте проведения восстановительных работ после завершения военного конфликта. В данной статье исследуется эффективность использования смеси извести и полипропиленового волокна (ППВ) для улучшения характеристик глинистых набухающих грунтов. Целью исследования является оценка возможности улучшения прочностных свойств грунтов при его стабилизации, а также определение оптимальных параметров сочетания извести и ППВ для их улучшения. Для проведения экспериментального исследования были отобраны 20 групп образцов глин, которые обрабатывались различными концентрациями извести (0; 2; 5; 8% от массы грунта) и ППВ (0; 0,05; 0,15; 0,25; 0,35% от массы грунта). Анализ результатов показал, что совместное применение извести и ППВ оказывает положительное влияние на механические свойства закрепленных образцов. Модифицированные образцы продемонстрировали более высокие значения прочности на сдвиг по сравнению с контрольными образцами, не содержащими добавок. Исследованиями выявлено, что увеличение концентрации извести в глинистом грунте до определенного предела приводит к повышению сцепления С и угла внутреннего трения φ. Однако при дальнейшем увеличении содержания извести наблюдается незначительное снижение этих параметров. В то же время увеличение концентрации ППВ последовательно способствует повышению прочности образцов глинистых грунтов. Оптимальные значения прочности были достигнуты при использовании 5,00% извести и 0,35% ППВ. Полученные результаты подтверждают, что стабилизация глинистых набухающих грунтов за счет смеси извести и ППВ является эффективным методом, способствующим улучшению их свойств.

1. Абед А., 2003 Влияние давления набухания на несущую способность набухающих грунтов, Дис. … магистра техн. наук, Университет Аль Баас, Хомс, Сирия. (на арабском языке).
2. Ашрам М.Н., 2000. Набухающие грунты как основания фундаментов зданий и сооружений в северо-восточных регионах Сирии. Дис. … канд. техн. наук, Харьковская государственная академия городского хозяйства, Харьков.
3. Голли О.Р., 2004. Использование закономерностей набухания глинистых грунтов в строительстве. Реконструкция городов и геотехническое строительство, № 8, с. 131–141.
4. Коуса И., 1997. Фундаментостроение. Изд-во Университета Аль Баас, Хомс, Сирия. (на арабском языке).
5. Мащенко А.В., Пономарев А.Б., 2016. Анализ армирования фиброволокном на свойства глинистых грунтов в условиях сезонного промерзания и оттаивания. Вестник Волгоградского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета. Серия: Строительство и архитектура, Вып. 44(63), Часть 1, с. 40–50.
6. Науменко А.И., 2018. Использование фиброволокна для укрепления дорожных грунтов. Состояние и перспективы развития лесного комплекса в странах СНГ, Материалы Международной научно-технической конференции, Минск, 2018, с. 20–24.
7. Омар М.Ш., 2002. Набухающие грунты и строительство на них (в условиях Сирийской Арабской Республики): Дис. … канд. техн. наук, Харьковский государственный технический университет строительства и архитектуры, Харьков.
8. Салим Б., Аль-Мансури А., 2003. Исследование характеристик набухающих грунтов в провинции Деръа (Сирия). Вестник Дамасского университета, Том 9, Серия 2, с. 11–27. (на арабском языке).
9. Al-Gharbawi А.S.A., Najemalden А.М., Fattah M.Y., 2022. Expansive soil stabilization with lime, cement, and silica fume. Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 1, ID 436, https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010436.
10. Al-Rawas A.A., Hago A.W., Al-Sarmi H., 2005. Effect of lime, cement and Sarooj (artificial pozzolan) on the swelling potential of an expansive soil
from Oman. Building and Environment, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 681–687, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.028.
11. Al-Soudany K., 2018. Improvement of expansive soil by using silica fume. Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 222–239, https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/KJE/090115.
12. Awol А., 2011. Using marble waste powder in cement and concrete production. MSc Thesis, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
13. Awwad L., 2023. The effect of lime additives on the improvement of swelling soils in geotechnical conditions of Syrian Arab Republic. Smart Geotechnics for Smart Societies, Proceedings of the 17th Asian Regional Conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Astana, Kazakhstan, 2023, pp. 758–763, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003299127-101.
14. Baglari D., Dash S.K., 2013. Improvement of expansive soil by lime and reinforcement. Proceedings of the Indian geotechnical Conference, Vol. 1, No. 3, Roorkee, India, 2013, pp. 1–6.
15. Buhler R.L., Cerato A.B., 2007. Stabilization of Oklahoma expansive soils using lime and class C fly ash. Geo-Denver 2007: new peaks in geotechnics, Proceedings of the ASCE Conference, Denver, CO, USA, 2007, ID 225, https://doi.org/10.1061/40906(225)1.
16. Chen F.H., 1988. Foundations on expansive soils, 2nd edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
17. Donalson G.W., 1969. The occurrence of problems of heave and factors affecting its nature. Proceedings of the 2nd International research and engineering Conference on expansive clay soils, Texas, TX, USA, 1969, pp. 25–36.
18. Hilt G.H., Davidson D.T., 1960. Lime fixation in clayey soils. Highway Research Board Bulletin, No. 262, pp. 20–32.
19. Holtz W.G., Gibbs H.J., 1956. Engineering properties of expansive soils. Transactions of American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 121, pp. 641–679.
20. Hossain M.M., 1983. Swelling properties of selected local soils. MSc Thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
21. Hossain A.M., 2001. Geotechnical behavior of a lime treated expansive soil. MSc Thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
22. Hossain M.M., Malo R.C., Safi M.H., 2018. Soil improvement using lime and polypropylene fibers. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 4, Penang, Malaysia, 2018, pp. 256–260.
23. Khan A.J., 1995. Effect of sand layer on swelling of underlying expansive soil. MSc Thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
24. Le T.M., Dang L.C., Khabbaz H., 2019. Strength characteristics of lime and bottom ash reinforced expansive soils. Geo-Congress 2019, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on case histories in geotechnical engineering, Philadelphia, PL, USA, 2019,
pp. 352–362, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482117.036.
25. Lee J.D., Jefferson I.F., 2012. Expansive soils. In J. Burland (ed.), ICE manual of geotechnical engineering, Vol. 1. ICE Publishing, London, UK, pp. 413–441.
26. Little D.N., Nair S., 2009. Standard recommended practice for stabilization of subgrade soils and base materials. Publishing of the Texas Transportation Institute, Texas, USA, https://doi.org/10.17226/22999. URL: https://www.academia.edu/1171933/Recommended_Practice_for_Stabilization_of_Subgrade_Soils_and_Base_Materials (дата обращения: 12.11.2024).
27. O’Neill M.W., Poormoayed N., 1980. Methodology for foundations on expansive clays. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 107, Issue 5, pp. 1345–1367, https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0001146.
28. Peck R.B., Hanson W.E., Thornburn T.H., 1974. Foundation engineering. Wiley, New York, NY, USA.
29. Rao S.M., 2006. Identification and classification of expansive soils. In A.A. Al-Rawas, M.F.A. Goosen (eds), Expansive soils. Recent advances in characterization and treatment. Taylor and Francis Group, London, UK, pp. 15–24, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203968079.
30. Seco A., Ramírez F., Miqueleiz L., García B., 2011. Stabilization of expansive soils for use in construction. Applied Clay Science,
Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 348–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.12.027.
31. Taha M.M.M., Feng C.P., Ahmed S.H.S., 2020. Influence of polypropylene fibre (PF) reinforcement on mechanical properties of clay soil advances in polymer technology. Advances in Polymer Technology, Vol. 2020, ID 9512839, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9512839.
32. Thompson M.R., 1966. Shear strength and elastic properties of lime-soil mixtures. Publishing of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA, pp. 1–14, URL: https://docs.yandex.ru/docs/view?tm=1753022421&tld=ru&lang=en&name=139-001.pdf (дата обращения: 12.11.2024).
33. Yazici M.F., Keskin S.N., 2024. Enhancing mechanical properties of low plasticity clay soil using hemp fibers: effects of fiber content and fiber surface coating. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, Vol. 48, Issue 2, pp. 961–975, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-023-01208-5.
34. Zumrawi M.M., Hamza O.S., 2014. Improving the characteristics of expansive subgrade soils using lime and fly ash. International Journal of Science and Research, Vol. 3, Issue 12, pp. 1124–1129.

КОНДРАТЬЕВА Л.Н.
Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия, kondratjevaln@yandex.ru
Адрес: 2-я Красноармейская ул., д. 4, г. Санкт-Петербург, 190005, Россия
АВВАД Л.*
Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет, г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия, lana.awwad@mail.ru

In Syria a significant part of the territory consists of swelling soils occupying approximately 12% of the overall area of the country. These soils have caused a significant damage of infrastructure such as cracks in walls and foundations, tilts, damaged access roads and highways, and ruptured water and sewer pipes. This underscores the need of stabilization efforts, particularly in the context of post-conflict reconstruction. This article examines the efficacy of using a combination of polypropylene fiber and lime to enhance the properties of clay swelling soils. The goal of the study is to assess the potential for improving soil strength during stabilization, as well as determine the optimal ratios for combining lime and polypropylene fibers to enhance mechanical properties. For the experimental investigation, there were chosen 20 sets of clay soil samples which were treated with varying concentrations of polypropylene fibers (0; 0.05; 0.15; 0.25 and 0.35% of the soil mass) and lime (0; 2; 5 and 8% of soil mass). The analysis of the results indicated that the combined use of polypropylene fibers and lime significantly affects the mechanical properties of soil. The samples with additives showed higher values of shear strength and compressive strength than the reference samples without additives. The study found that increasing the concentration of lime in clay soil increases uniaxial compressive strength and adhesion as well as the angle of internal friction. However, further increases in lime content result in a slight decrease in these properties. At the same time, increasing the concentration of polypropylene fibers consistently enhances soil strength. Optimal strength values were achieved with 5.00% lime and 0.35% polypropylene fibers. Additionally, it was found that a longer curing time for the mixture has a positive effect on strength characteristics, improving unconfined compression strength and shear strength. The obtained results confirm that stabilizing clay soils that swell using a mixture of lime and polypropylene fibers is an effective method for improving their properties.

1. Abed A., 2003. Effect of swelling pressure on the bearing capacity of swelling soils, MSc Thesis, Al Baath University, Homs, Syria. (in Arabic).
2. Ashram M.N., 2000. Swelling soils as buildings foundations in Syria northeast regions. PhD Thesis, Kharkiv National Academy of Urban Economy, Kharkiv. (in Russian)
3. Golly O.R., 2004. Use of swelling patterns of clayey soils in construction. Rekonstrukciya Gorodov i Geotekhnicheskoe Stroitelstvo,
No. 8, pp. 131–141. (in Russian)
4. Kousa I., 1997. Foundation engineering. Al Baath University Press, Homs, Syria. (in Arabic).
5. Mashchenko A.V., Ponomarev A.B., 2016. Analysis of the impact of fiber reinforcing on clay soils in the conditions of seasonal frost penetration and thawing. Bulletin of the Volgograd State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. Series: Construction and Architecture, Issue 44(63), Part 1, рр. 40–50. (in Russian)
6. Naumenko A.I., 2018. Use of fiber to strengthen road soils. The state and prospects of development of the forestry complex in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Proceedings of the International scientific and technical Conference, Minsk, 2018, pp. 20–24. (in Russian)
7. Omar M.Sh., 2002. Swelling soils and construction on them (in the Syrian Arab Republic). PhD Thesis, Kharkiv State Technical University of Construction and Architecture, Kharkiv. (in Russian)
8. Salim B., Al-Mansouri A., 2003. Study of the characteristics of swelling soils in Daraa Province (Syria). Damascus University Bulletin, Vol. 9, Series 2, pp. 11–27. (in Arabic)
9. Al-Gharbawi А.S.A., Najemalden А.М., Fattah M.Y., 2022. Expansive soil stabilization with lime, cement, and silica fume. Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 1, ID 436, https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010436.
10. Al-Rawas A.A., Hago A.W., Al-Sarmi H., 2005. Effect of lime, cement and Sarooj (artificial pozzolan) on the swelling potential of an expansive soil from Oman. Building and Environment, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 681–687, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.028.
11. Al-Soudany K., 2018. Improvement of expansive soil by using silica fume. Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 222–239, https://doi.org/10.30572/2018/KJE/090115.
12. Awol А., 2011. Using marble waste powder in cement and concrete production. MSc Thesis, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
13. Awwad L., 2023. The effect of lime additives on the improvement of swelling soils in geotechnical conditions of Syrian Arab Republic. Smart Geotechnics for Smart Societies, Proceedings of the 17th Asian Regional Conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Astana, Kazakhstan, 2023, pp. 758–763, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003299127-101.
14. Baglari D., Dash S.K., 2013. Improvement of expansive soil by lime and reinforcement. Proceedings of the Indian geotechnical Conference, Vol. 1, No. 3, Roorkee, India, 2013, pp. 1–6.
15. Buhler R.L., Cerato A.B., 2007. Stabilization of Oklahoma expansive soils using lime and class C fly ash. Geo-Denver 2007: new peaks in geotechnics, Proceedings of the ASCE Conference, Denver, CO, USA, 2007, ID 225, https://doi.org/10.1061/40906(225)1.
16. Chen F.H., 1988. Foundations on expansive soils, 2nd edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
17. Donalson G.W., 1969. The occurrence of problems of heave and factors affecting its nature. Proceedings of the 2nd International research and engineering Conference on expansive clay soils, Texas, TX, USA, 1969, pp. 25–36.
18. Hilt G.H., Davidson D.T., 1960. Lime fixation in clayey soils. Highway Research Board Bulletin, No. 262, pp. 20–32.
19. Holtz W.G., Gibbs H.J., 1956. Engineering properties of expansive soils. Transactions of American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 121, pp. 641–679.
20. Hossain M.M., 1983. Swelling properties of selected local soils. MSc Thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
21. Hossain A.M., 2001. Geotechnical behavior of a lime treated expansive soil. MSc Thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
22. Hossain M.M., Malo R.C., Safi M.H., 2018. Soil improvement using lime and polypropylene fibers. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advances in Civil Engineering, Vol. 4, Penang, Malaysia, 2018, pp. 256–260.
23. Khan A.J., 1995. Effect of sand layer on swelling of underlying expansive soil. MSc Thesis, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
24. Le T.M., Dang L.C., Khabbaz H., 2019. Strength characteristics of lime and bottom ash reinforced expansive soils. Geo-Congress 2019, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on case histories in geotechnical engineering, Philadelphia, PL, USA, 2019,
pp. 352–362, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784482117.036.
25. Lee J.D., Jefferson I.F., 2012. Expansive soils. In J. Burland (ed.), ICE manual of geotechnical engineering, Vol. 1. ICE Publishing, London, UK, pp. 413–441.
26. Little D.N., Nair S., 2009. Standard recommended practice for stabilization of subgrade soils and base materials. Publishing of the Texas Transportation Institute, Texas, USA, https://doi.org/10.17226/22999. URL: https://www.academia.edu/1171933/Recommended_Practice_for_Stabilization_of_Subgrade_Soils_and_Base_Materials (accessed:
12 November 2024).
27. O’Neill M.W., Poormoayed N., 1980. Methodology for foundations on expansive clays. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 107, Issue 5, pp. 1345–1367, https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0001146.
28. Peck R.B., Hanson W.E., Thornburn T.H., 1974. Foundation engineering. Wiley, New York, NY, USA.
29. Rao S.M., 2006. Identification and classification of expansive soils. In A.A. Al-Rawas, M.F.A. Goosen (eds), Expansive soils. Recent advances in characterization and treatment. Taylor and Francis Group, London, UK, pp. 15–24, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203968079.
30. Seco A., Ramírez F., Miqueleiz L., García B., 2011. Stabilization of expansive soils for use in construction. Applied Clay Science,
Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 348–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.12.027.
31. Taha M.M.M., Feng C.P., Ahmed S.H.S., 2020. Influence of polypropylene fibre (PF) reinforcement on mechanical properties of clay soil advances in polymer technology. Advances in Polymer Technology, Vol. 2020, ID 9512839, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9512839.
32. Thompson M.R., 1966. Shear strength and elastic properties of lime-soil mixtures. Publishing of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL,
USA, pp. 1–14, URL: https://docs.yandex.ru/docs/view?tm=1753022421&tld=ru&lang=en&name=139-001.pdf (accessed: 12 November 2024).
33. Yazici M.F., Keskin S.N., 2024. Enhancing mechanical properties of low plasticity clay soil using hemp fibers: effects of fiber content and fiber surface coating. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, Vol. 48, Issue 2, pp. 961–975, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-023-01208-5.
34. Zumrawi M.M., Hamza O.S., 2014. Improving the characteristics of expansive subgrade soils using lime and fly ash. International Journal of Science and Research, Vol. 3, Issue 12, pp. 1124–1129.

LIDYA N. KONDRATYEVA
Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering; Saint Petersburg, Russia; kondratjevaln@yandex.ru
Address: Bld. 4, 2nd Krasnoarmeiskaya St., 190005, Saint Petersburg, Russia
LANA AWWAD*
Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering; Saint Petersburg, Russia; lana.awwad@mail.ru