В первой части настоящей работы приведен краткий обзор теоретических, полуэмпирических и эмпирических зависимостей для оценки коэффициента фильтрации песчаных и глинистых грунтов. Рассмотрены основные достоинства и недостатки прямых и непрямых методов определения этого параметра. Описаны возможные факторы, влияющие на отклонение фильтрации от закона
Дарси. Отмечено, что движение воды сквозь глинистый матрикс необходимо рассматривать с позиции комплексного анализа реагирующих потоков и возникновения различного рода осмотических явлений при действии напорного гидравлического градиента. Исследование корреляционных зависимостей коэффициента фильтрации от физических свойств выполнялось для задач, не связанных с оценкой фильтрационных потоков и фильтрационной устойчивости, сопровождаемых изменением свойств и порового пространства глинистых грунтов. Для таких задач применительно к инженерно-геологическим условиям г. Санкт-Петербурга, а также сложившейся практике инженерно-геологических изысканий корреляционные зависимости коэффициента фильтрации от физических свойств целесообразно строить по результатам непрямых — консолидационных методов испытаний. Для выполнения статистических исследований была сформирована общая выборка частных значений коэффициента фильтрации, насчитывающая порядка 1200 определений. В состав выборки включены итоги консолидационных испытаний, проведенных в условиях одномерной и объемной изотропной компрессии грунтов с различных площадок г. Санкт-Петербурга и Ленинградской области, а также акваторий Финского, Выборгского заливов и различных экономических зон в акватории Балтийского моря. По результатам
статистических оценок коэффициента фильтрации наиболее точные значения дают корреляционные зависимости, построенные в форме модифицированного уравнения Kozeny-Carman с использованием коэффициента пористости на границе текучести или числа пластичности. Отмечено, что результаты определения коэффициента фильтрации будут нуждаться в корректировке с учетом нарушения природной структуры лабораторных образцов.

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ВАСЕНИН ВЛАДИСЛАВ АНАТОЛЬЕВИЧ
Заместитель генерального директора ООО «ПИ Геореконструкция»,
к.т.н., г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия

The first part of this paper provides a brief overview of the theoretical, semi-empirical, and empirical dependencies for estimating the permeability ratio of sandy and clayey soils. The main advantages and disadvantages of direct and indirect methods for determining permeability are considered. Possible factors affecting the deviation of filtration from Darcy law are described. It is noted that the water movement through the clay matrix must be considered from the position of a comprehensive analysis of reacting flows and the occurrence of various osmotic phenomena under the action of a pressure head hydraulic gradient. The study of the correlation dependences of the permeability ratio on the physical properties was carried out for tasks not connected with the assessment of filtration flows and filtration stability, accompanied by a change in the properties and pore space of clay. For such tasks in relation to the engineering-geological conditions of Saint Petersburg, as well as to the established practice of research, it is reasonable to construct the correlation dependencies of the permeability ratio on the physical properties based on the results of indirect — consolidation test methods. To perform statistical studies, a general sample of partial values of the permeability ratio was formed, which contains about 1200 determinations. The sample includes the results of consolidation tests conducted under conditions of one-dimensional and volumetric isotropic compression of soils from various sites in Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, as well as water areas of the Gulf of Finland, Vyborg and various economic zones in the Baltic Sea. According to the results of statistical estimates of permeability ratio, the most accurate results are given by correlation dependencies constructed in the form of a modified Kozeny-Carman equation using void ratio at the liquid limit or plasticity index. It is noted that, the results of determination of the permeability ratio will need to be corrected taking into account disturbance of laboratory samples.

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31. Kinsky J., Frydman S., Zaslavsky D., 1971. The effect of different dielectric liquids on the engineering properties of clay. Proceedings of the 4th Asian regional Conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Vol. 1, Bangkok, Thailand, 1971, pp. 367–372.
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33. Li S.P., 1963. Measuring extremely low flow velocity of water in clays. Soil Science, No. 95, pp. 410–413.
34. Lutz J.F., Kemper W.D., 1959. Intrinsic permeability of clays as affected by clay water interaction. Soil Science, No. 88, pp. 83–90.
35. Matyas E.L., 1967. Air and water permeability of compacted soils. In ASTM STP 417 Permeability and capillarity of soils,
pp. 160–175.
36. Mbonimpa M., Aubertin M., Chapuis R.P., Bussière B., 2002. Practical pedotransfer functions for estimating the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, No. 20, pp. 235–259.
37. Mesri G., Olson R.E., 1971. Mechanisms controlling the permeability of clays. Clay and Clay Minerals, No. 19, pp. 151–158.
38. Mesri G., Kwan L.D.O., Feng W.T., 1994. Settlement of embankment on soft clays. Proceedings of the Conference on vertical and horizontal deformations of foundations and embankments, Geotechnical special publication, College Station, TX, USA, pp. 8–56.
39. Miller R.J., Low P.F., 1963. Threshhold gradient for water flow in clay systems. Soil Science, No. 27, pp. 605–609.
40. Mitchell J., 1991. Conduction phenomena: from theory to geotechnical practice. Geotechnique, Vol. 41, Issue 3, pp. 299–340.
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VLADISLAV A. VASENIN
PhD (Technics); Deputy General Director of the Design Institute
Georekonstrukciya LLC; Saint Petersburg, Russia